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One application of axicons is in what is called optical trapping. This technique involves creating attractive and repulsive forces by means of a laser, then using these forces to mover or trap very small particles (micro particles) and, on occasion, cells. An axicon lens, forming a Bessel beam within the DOF (depth of focus, the beam overlap region), can effectively trap a particle on a flat surface such as a microscope slide.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Science Mission Directorate. (2010). Reflected Near-Infrared Waves. Retrieved [insert date - e.g. August 10, 2016], from NASA Science website: http://science.nasa.gov/ems/08_nearinfraredwaves

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Data from scientific instruments can provide more precise measurements than analog film. Scientists can graph the measurements, examine the unique patterns of absorption and reflection of visible and infrared energy, and use this information to identify types of plants. The graph below shows the differences among the spectral signatures of corn, soybeans, and Tulip Poplar trees.

At Shanghai Optics we produce a variety of axicon lenses from optical materials such as fused silica, sapphire, ZnSe, and plastics. Our lenses can be made with almost any ring diameter, and both refractive and diffractive axicon lenses are available. We can also design optical assemblies such as a combination of axicons with beam expanders, lenses, or additional axions to produce your desired beam profile.

In telescopes, lenses are used as solar concentrators to focus the light from the sun. In optical coherence tomography (OCT), they are used for laser drilling and optical trepanning.

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Reflected near-infrared radiation can be sensed by satellites, allowing scientists to study vegetation from space. Healthy vegetation absorbs blue- and red-light energy to fuel photosynthesis and create chlorophyll. A plant with more chlorophyll will reflect more near-infrared energy than an unhealthy plant. Thus, analyzing a plants spectrum of both absorption and reflection in visible and in infrared wavelengths can provide information about the plants' health and productivity.

Data and imagery from the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) and NASA Landsat series of satellites are used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to forecast agricultural productivity each growing season. Satellite data can help farmers pinpoint where crops are infested, stressed, or healthy.

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Our eyes perceive a leaf as green because wavelengths in the green region of the spectrum are reflected by pigments in the leaf, while the other visible wavelengths are absorbed. In addition, the components in plants reflect, transmit, and absorb different portions of the near-infrared radiation that we cannot see.

Axicon lenses are also used for optical surgery, enabling the surgeon to focus in on an area of interest and to smooth tissue where necessary. For ultimate adjustability of ring diameter a combination of positive and negative axions are often used for this application.

A reflective axicon, also known as a reflaxicon, does not have the geometry of a traditional axicon. Rather, it consists of a pair of coaxial conical reflective surfaces. Designed to manipulate light in much the same manner of a transmissive axicon, it has several features that make it the best choice in some situations: a high damage threshold, low chromatic aberration, and better group velocity dispersion.

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At Shanghai Optics we produce high-precision axicon lenses for medical, scientific and industrial applications. From eye surgery to optical tweezers to laser drilling, from optical coherence tomography to particle physics, these prisms play a very important role in a wide range of optical systems.

While a Gaussian beam would deteriorate over distance, the beam profile produced by an axicon begins by nearly propagating the properties of a Bessel beam which maintains a stable intensity distribution as it propagates. In fact, it generates a very good approximation within its depth of focus, which can be calculated from the radius of the beam entering the axicon, the index of refraction of the axicon, and the angle α.  If the angle of refraction is small, this can be approximated by radius/ (index of refraction-1) α.

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Science Mission Directorate. "Reflected Near-Infrared Waves" NASA Science. 2010. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [insert date - e.g. 10 Aug. 2016] http://science.nasa.gov/ems/08_nearinfraredwaves

Color Infrared film can record near-infrared energy and can help scientists study plant diseases where there is a change in pigment and cell structure. These two images show the difference between a color infrared photo and a natural color photo of trees in a park.

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Near-infrared data can also help identify types of rock and soil. This image of the Saline Valley area in California was acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) onboard NASA's Terra satellite.

To convert a collimated beam of light into a ring, one places the axicon lens with the flat side facing the collimated beam. Light enters at a perpendicular angle, in the center of this flat side, then travels along the axions optical axis and and leaves the lens as a cone of light. When projected onto a planar surface this light can be seen to be a ring. The closer the surface, the smaller the diameter of the ring.

This false-color composite of Jupiter combines near-infrared and visible-light data of sunlight reflected from Jupiter's clouds. Since methane gas in Jupiter's atmosphere limits the penetration of sunlight, the amount of reflected near-infrared energy varies depending on the clouds' altitude. The resulting composite image shows this altitude difference as different colors. Yellow colors indicate high clouds; red colors are lower clouds; and blue colors show even lower clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) onboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captured this image at the time of a rare alignment of three of Jupiter's largest moons—Io, Ganymede, and Callisto—across the planet's face.

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A portion of radiation that is just beyond the visible spectrum is referred to as near-infrared. Rather than studying an object's emission of infrared, scientists can study how objects reflect, transmit, and absorb the Sun's near-infrared radiation to observe health of vegetation and soil composition.

An axicon lens is a special lens with one plano (flat) surface and one conical surface. Also known as a rotationally symmetric prism, an axicon lens creates a focal line along the optical axis using interference, and can convert a laser beam into a ring shaped beam of light. Axicons are typically defined by their apex angles.

Data from ASTER's visible and near-infrared bands at 0.81 µm, 0.56 µm, and .66 µm are composited in red, green, and blue creating the false-color image below. Vegetation appears red, snow and dry salt lakes are white, and exposed rocks are brown, gray, yellow, and blue. Rock colors mainly reflect the presence of iron minerals and variations in albedo (solar energy reflected off the surface).