So if you are asking the question:  "Do I need a circular or linear polarizer?", we hope we've given you enough information to make that decision.

In still photography, SLR cameras and DSLR cameras have a mirror, which a linear polarizer can cross polarize, causing the image to darken or go black.

With drop-in filters, rectangular filters and Rota-Pols for cine matte boxes, circular polarizing filters are labeled with “this side out”.

Linear polarization example

Our Rota-Pol a circular polarizer made to fit in 4"x5.65" cine matte boxes and allow quick and easy rotation by hand or with a motor:

Circular polarizers for cinematography are marked to show proper orientation, but mistakes happen.   If you have no mirrors or reflective surfaces in your system, such as a mirror or a beam splitter . . . then the Linear-Pol will not cause you any trouble and you can’t put it in the matte box backwards, which might save you some time and trouble.

S-polarization vs p-polarization

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The linear polarizer element in a circular polarizer needs to be out front, pointed at the world, with the quarter wave plate on the rear side, the camera lens side. A circular polarizer doesn’t work if you get it in backwards. With a screw-in filter that’s no issue, there's only one way you can screw it on the lens..

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Circularly polarizedlight

The other kind of wave is a polarized wave. Polarized waves are light waves in which the vibrations occur in a single plane. Plane polarized light consists of waves in which the direction of vibration is the same for all waves. In the image above, you can see that a plane polarized light vibrates on only one plane. The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light is known as polarization. The devices like the polarizers you see are used for the polarization of light.

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Circular Polarizers contains a Linear Polarizer component that does the main work of polarization, as well as a second layer inside the filter called a Quarter Wave Plate, which “spins” the light after it goes through the linear layer and before it enters the camera lens.

Light is the interaction of electric and magnetic fields travelling through space. The electric and magnetic vibrations of a light wave occur perpendicularly to each other. The electric field moves in one direction and the magnetic field in another ‘perpendicular to each other. So, we have one plane occupied by an electric field, another plane of the magnetic field perpendicular to it, and the direction of travel is perpendicular to both. These electric and magnetic vibrations can occur in numerous planes. A light wave that is vibrating in more than one plane is known as unpolarized light. The light emitted by the sun, by a lamp or a tube light are all unpolarised light sources. As you can see in the image below, the direction of propagation is constant, but the planes on which the amplitude occurs are changing.

Lindsey Optics offers both circular and linear polarizers in professional cine sizes in 4.5" Round Drop-In, 138mm Round Drop-In, and 4"x5.65" and Rota-Pols in 4x5.65" and 6.6x6.6" all with anti-reflection coating.

Linearly polarised lightformula

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Polarization, in Physics, is defined as a phenomenon caused due to the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. Sunlight travels through the vacuum to reach the Earth, which is an example of an electromagnetic wave. These waves are called electromagnetic waves because they form when an electric field interacts with a magnetic field. In this article, you will learn about two types of waves, transverse waves and longitudinal waves. You will also learn about polarization and plane polarised light.

Linearlypolarized electromagnetic wave

Circular polarization

The electric field of light follows an elliptical propagation. The amplitude and phase difference between the two linear components are not equal.

The short answer is that both Linear and Circular Polarizers do the same thing. The actual polarization effects such as reducing reflections on glass surfaces, increasing color saturation in foliage, darkening a blue sky are the same with both Linear and Circular polarizers.

Polarizers used in cinematography are often inserted in a matte box so there's an opportunity to insert a circular pol backwards and it doesn't polarize when inserted incorrect.

Elliptical polarization

Transverse waves are waves, in which the movement of the particles in the wave is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave.

One ray emanates from the object parallel to the optical axis of the lens. The lens refracts this beam through the optical axis at a distance f on the far side ...

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With a circular pol, the quarter wave plate on the rear of the polarizer spins the light before it enters the camera lens so that it doesn't get cross polarized on any reflective surfaces in the system, such as  the partial mirror in a video tap or a DSLR mirror.

Linearly polarised lightmeaning

The classic problem in 35mm film production was the video tap. Using a linear polarizer on a film camera with a video tap, could and often would cause the video feed to go dark because the partially silvered mirror in the video tap would get cross polarized.  A very similar cross polarization is used to create Variable Neutral Density Filters with ND values between ND 0.6 (2 Stops) and ND 2.4 (8 stops).  8 stops means that only about 0.39% of the light gets past the filter.   A Neutral Density Filter with an ND Value of ND 2.4 can be used to allow opening the aperture in a lens for shallow depth of field, or slow a shutter for various effects . . . it is not a good thing to do accidentally in an optical system with a mirror.

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There are two linear components in the electric field of light that are perpendicular to each other such that their amplitudes are equal, but the phase difference is π/2. The propagation of the occurring electric field will be in a circular motion.

The main problem that the circular polarizer addresses is cross polarization on other reflective surfaces in your system such as mirrors and beam splitters. Reflective surfaces polarize light . . . which is why a polarizer can reduce or eliminate those reflections.  If you have a mirror or other reflective surface inside your camera, a linear polarizer can cross polarize the reflected image and possibly black out the image.