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Light rays spread out from each and every point on an object in all directions, like the spines of a sea urchin. A converging lens will bend these lines of light so that if the object is farther from the lens than a focal point, the rays of light will pass through one point on the other side of the lens. This point is on the image of the object. There are three rays which are usually used to find where the image of an object is located.

Raydiagram of convex mirror

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Converging lens raydiagram inside focal point

When light actually passes through the location of the image, the image is called a real image. A real image can be photographed by placing film at the location of the image.

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3. The focal ray goes through the focal point on the same side of the lens as the object. The focal ray exits parallel to the lens by the law of reversibility.

Then with a diverging lens draw the parallel ray which, after passing through the lens, diverges as if it comes from the focal point.

Raydiagram examples

For a thin mirror we trace the rays as they bounce off an imaginary flat plate tangent to the mirror at its axis. The main difference from lenses is the chief ray which bounces off the center of the mirror as if it were a flat plate. Notice the parallel ray, parallel to the axis, and the focal ray, through the focal point.

The visual field brightness (B) of the microscope is determined by the following formula in relation to the objective lens magnification (M). The larger the N.A. and the lower the objective magnification, brightness will increase in the factor of the second power.

In mechanics, degrees of freedom (DOF) is the number of independent variables that define the possible positions or motions of a mechanical system in space.

The numerical aperture is a key factor to the performance of objective lens (resolving power, focal depth and brightness). The N.A. is determined by the following formula:

Diverginglens raydiagram

Let's begin with a common lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges. Most lenses are circular, the axis of the lens is the first line to remember. If you consider the lens as a wheel the axis of the lens will be an axle through the wheel. We will consider all lenses to be thin lenses. Real lenses light bends at both the front and the rear surface, however if the lens is thin then you can consider the light to bend at a line through the center of the lens that is perpendicular to the axis.

2. The chief ray passes through the center of the lens, for a thin lens it is a single straight line, it is not bent by the lens.

To find the focal point of a converging lens start with a distant light source. Find the place where the image made by the lens is the most pointlike. This will be the focal point. The focal length is the distance from the center of the lens to this point. By the way, distant means ten or more focal lengths away, so after you find the focal point check to see if the source is truly far away.

1. The parallel ray is a ray from the object parallel to the axis of the lens. It goes through the focal point on the side of the lens opposite the object.

Raydiagrams of convexlensClass 10

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Raydiagramsfor converginglenses answer key

As shown here. an object outside the focal point of a converging lens makes an image outside the focal point on the opposite side of the lens. The other case of the object inside the focal point is also worth drawing.

One of the important laws of optics is the law of reversibility, if you reverse a light ray and send it back along its path it will exactly reverse its entire path. This means that light which passes through a focal point and hits a converging lens will exit the lens parallel to the axis.

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The chief ray behaves the same for this mirror as for the converging mirror. The parallel ray bounces off the mirror and diverges as if it came from the far focal point. The rays appear to cross behind the mirror, making a virtual image.

Concavelens raydiagram

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Real light paths are shown as solid lines. The real light paths never cross at the image location, therefore this is a virtual image.

If you shine a pointer laser through a lens or onto the mirror the beam from the laser will closely follow the path of the ray predicted by ray tracing.

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