Most lighthouse enthusiasts think that the Fresnel lens was the first lens used in lighthouses.  However, that assumption is incorrect in that a number of lenses were proposed and put into use in the years before Augustin Fresnel designed his famous lens.  This story will give you information about these early attempts to use lenses to augment the power of lighthouse optics.

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Fresnel lenses represent a unique aspect of U.S. Coast Guard history.  These artifacts are highly sought by a wide variety of museums and associations.  Due to their historic significance, fragility, high value and the U.S. Coast Guard’s policy to protect and preserve these artifacts, an additional set of conditions is placed upon prospective borrowing organizations.  Requirements for the care, security and display of Fresnel lenses are as follows:

The Chromacity 1280 femtosecond laser generates femtosecond pulses, with a fiber delivery output, to drive advances in test and measurement applications within the semiconductor industry.

How does aFresnellens work

Many companies were involved in the development and refinement of the Fresnel lens.  Some supplied only the glass for the lenses, either in rough form, or both cast and polished.  Other companies assembled the glass elements and performed finish work on the lens elements.  Still other companies produced both the glass and the finished lenses.  This story will be divided into several parts, each discussing one or more of these companies and their contribution to the development of the Fresnel lens.

Applications: Two-photon Laser-assisted Device Alteration (2p LADA) in Silicon Integrated Circuits; Two-photon Optical Beam Induced Current (TOBIC); Material Characterization; Fundamental Research; Interrogating Photonics Integrated Circuits (PIC)

Fresnellens lighthouse

The first National Lighthouse Lens Survey was released in 2001 at the Sixth Maritime Heritage Conference in Wilmington, N.C. It listed more than 400 classical Fresnel lighthouse lenses in the United States, and two pre-Fresnel, Winslow Lewis lenses. The inventory was a compilation of databases researched by Mike Vogel of the Buffalo Lighthouse Association and the American Lighthouse Coordinating Committee, and by Al and Helen Gademsky of Ohio.

Further applications include Two-Photon Laser Assisted Device Alteration (2P-LADA), a high-resolution imaging technique which exploits two-photon absorption (TPA) to deliver precise three-dimensional localization of the photocarriers, injected by the TPA process, to accurately locate and characterize failures, with optimum spatial and temporal performance.

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The German government etched symbols onto the prisms of their Fresnel Lenses. This is the story of those symbols. The German government marked most of their lenses with a government certification symbol. Before 1933 and the Nazi Reich, the symbols used were the German Imperial Eagle and a symbol that looked like a castle, which represented the German Seamarks Service. These marks were etched onto the lens glass to certify that the lens met the requirements for government usage.

Similarly, the Two-Photon Optical Beam Induced Current (TOBIC) technique is another laser-scanning method for imaging integrated circuits. This technique uses ultrashort-pulse lasers to induce a photocurrent which is subsequently mapped to generate an image. TOBIC imaging occurs around 1250 nm to 1550 nm, where the beam is easily transmitted through the silicon band gap.

Within the range of typical applications for this laser, laser scanning and optoelectronic imaging of integrated circuits is crucial towards optimal semiconductor failure analysis, at a time when the industry faces global chip shortages. With seamless integration into Laser Assisted Device Alteration (LADA) platforms, Chromacity’s robust 1280 nm laser source can help determine soft defect localization, using near-IR microscopy techniques including (2P-LADA).

While operating at 1280 nm, Chromacity’s ultrafast laser can also generate 80 fs pulses across the 1250 nm to 1310 nm wavelength range, and combined with excellent beam quality, the Chromacity 1280 has scope to broaden fundamental research and material characterization capabilities.

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Some years ago Chad Kaiser of the US Lighthouse Society ran across a photograph of what was supposed to be the most powerful lighthouse in the world at 1 billion candlepower.  Yes, that is billion not million.  I became intrigued and started researching this light and its history.  This story will describe this very unusual lighthouse in France and how it came to be.  It is actually not a true lighthouse at all.  Instead it is an example of one of the earliest and most powerful Airway Beacons ever built.  But, first we need to understand a little more about air

The English and Scottish lighthouse authorities wanted to produce all Fresnel lenses and other lighthouse equipment in their own country and persuaded the Cookson Glass Company to begin production of Fresnel lenses in 1834. Cookson brought in Leonor Fresnel, Augustin’s brother, as a consultant and produced Fresnel lenses from individual pieces and prisms as done by the French lens companies.  The first of these better designed Fresnel lenses, built by the Cookson Co., was installed in Scotland in 1835, in the Inchkeith lighthouse.

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The 1280 nm laser inherits Chromacity’s novel laser design architecture and patented manufacturing expertise to develop a high-performance and truly stable light source, which is operationally ready with minimal set-up time.

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FresnelLens Sheet

Below is a listing of the major changes in the Fresnel lens through time and in most cases who the creator of each change was.

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The French Commission for Lighthouses was established on April 29, 1811.  In 1819, Arago who had become a member of the French Commission for Lighthouses in 1813, offered to make a systematic review of possible improvements in lighthouse illumination.  He requested that Claude Mathieu and Augustin Fresnel be assigned as his coworkers on the project.  His request was granted on June 21, 1819, and Augustin agreed to serve on the committee.