Avalanche photodiodestructure

Let's bring it down to: APDs are able to detect single photons and their produced signal corresponds to the amount of energy deposited within them. How is it in case of photodiodes?

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Avalanche photodiodevsphotodiode

In general p-i-n photodiode is less responsive than APD but with lower noise level and can be more accurate, While APD is more responsive and have higher gain but with higher noise level. So the choice of either device would depend on the specific application and the desired trade-off between sensitivity, speed, and noise. Avalanche Photodiodes are often used in applications such as lidar and time-resolved spectroscopy. Standard Pin photodiodes are often used in applications such as optical communications and light detection.

The Impact Ionization that occurs in an APD makes it different from a standard photodiode. This built-in mechanism of APD multiplies the number of charges generated by a single photon resulting in a much larger current.

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Avalanche photodiodeThorlabs

Due to the multiplication of charges APDs are more sensitive to single photons compare to photodiodes, and also they have better noise performance which makes them useful in applications like low light imaging, single photon counting and lidar.

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and its manifestation as both particle and wave phenomena. It encompasses the study of the generation, propagation, manipulation, and detection of light, as well as its various applications. Optics plays a fundamental role in understanding vision, photography, microscopy, lasers, telecommunications, and a wide range of optical technologies.

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Geometrical optics: Geometrical optics deals with the study of light as rays, focusing on the principles of reflection and refraction. It describes the behavior of light when it encounters surfaces and interfaces, using concepts such as lenses and mirrors.

Physical optics: Physical optics, also known as wave optics, considers light as an electromagnetic wave. It explores phenomena such as interference, diffraction, polarization, and the wave nature of light. This branch of optics is crucial for understanding various optical phenomena at the wave level.

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Both diodes rely on the generation of electrons and holes in the diode by photons. In the "normal" photodiode, the current is just the generation current, i.e., the current corresponding to the generated charge carriers in the diode. The avalanche photo diode, uses the avalanche charge carrier multiplication process in the high electric field of the depletion zone of the diode. There a single generated charge carrier is so much accelerated that it can generate another electron hole pair by impact ionization and the thus generated charge carriers are again accelerated to generate electron-hole pairs, producing an avalanche of electron-hole pairs. This avalanche ionization process leads to a huge amplification of the photon induced generation current, which gives a great sensitivity advantage to the APD as compared to the photo diode.

Optical materials: The study of materials with optical properties, such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors, falls under the domain of optics. This includes the characterization and development of materials for specific optical applications.

Avalanche Photodiodeprice

I'd say I'm quite aware of how avalanche photodiodes work but I'm unsure of how usual photodiodes work respectively how they differ from each other.

Avalanche photodiodeworking principle

Optics is a broad and interdisciplinary field that intersects with physics, engineering, materials science, biology, and other disciplines. The understanding of optics has led to numerous technological advancements and continues to play a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications.

Avalanche Photodiodedatasheet

Quantum optics: Quantum optics involves the study of the quantum mechanical nature of light. It explores the behavior of individual photons, quantum entanglement, and the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level.

Avalanche photodiodedetector

With respect to a standard photodiode, an additional layer is added in which secondary electron–hole pairs are generated through impact ionization.

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Fiber optics: Fiber optics involves the transmission of light through thin, flexible fibers made of glass or plastic. This technology is widely used for communication, providing high-speed data transmission over long distances.

Optical instruments: Optics is applied in the design and development of optical instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and spectrometers. These instruments are used for observation, measurement, and analysis in various scientific and technological fields.

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Avalanche photodiodePDF

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The responsivity of standard p–i–n photodiodes is limited by its maximum value given by Rmax = q/hν for η = 1. Avalanche photodiode (APDs) can have much larger values of R, as they are designed to provide an internal current gain

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Laser physics: Lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) are devices that produce highly collimated and coherent light. Laser physics is a branch of optics that studies the principles and applications of lasers.