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Typical sensor resolutions of 512, 1k, 2k, 4k, 8k, and 12k are available for the image acquisition. The pixel sizes on the sensor range from 5 x 5 µm, 7 x 7 µm, 10 x 10 µm to 14 x 14 µm. If possible, the camera should have preferably large pixels. A 5-µm pixel has a light-active surface of 25 µm2, yet a 14-mm pixel has 196 mm2, i.e. approximately 8 times the surface and 8 times the sensitivity to light. As the image capture time of the single lines can often only be several µs, the sensitivity to light is especially important for line scan cameras.

The USB-IF has a selection of Authorized Independent Test Labs (ITLs) located around the world. All test labs do not have the same testing ability. Each test lab is authorized by the USB-IF to test a specific USB Technology and feature set. For a list of Authorized Independent Test Labs and their testing capabilities please visit the link found here.

In practice, up to 8 sensor "taps" are operated in order to read out the sensor of a 12-megapixel line scan camera, for example, using a data rate of up to 320 MHz.

As the image in Y-direction is generated due to the movement of the conveyor, it is important that this is an extremely uniform motion. However, this is technically hard to realise so that the feed is synchronised by means of an encoder in order to avoid image distortions.

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In order to enhance the sensitivity to light, sensors with two or more lines are used instead of those with one line, which can vertically pool the signal of several lines without losing any physical resolution like in the case of horizontal binning.

When products are very similar, testing of one product may allow the other similar products to be added to the Integrator's List without re-testing. If any "significant differences" exist between products, testing of each is required. The definition of "significant differences" is sometimes debatable and the final judgment is the responsibility of the compliance review board (CRB), which reports to the USB-IF Board of Directors. As decisions are made on what are "significant differences," the rules of thumb will be listed here. The ultimate responsibility for making sure that various production product models do not have "significant differences" from the product samples tested lies with each vendor. Audits by USB-IF that reveal discrepancies between shipping product and samples tested may be cause for required re-test, revocation of certification, and/or legal action. Companies' rights to use the USB-IF Logo are covered in the Logo License Agreement.

USB-IF emphasizes the importance and value of consistent messaging on USB product packaging, marketing materials, and advertising. Inconsistent use of terminology creates confusion in the marketplace, can be misleading to consumers, and potentially diminishes USB-IF’s trademark rights.

*NOTE: All companies seeking to use the USB-IF logos on their product must have a valid USB-IF Trademark License Agreement on file with the USB-IF and the product must be certified.

If there are individual objects on a conveyor, the image acquisition can additionally be triggered: a photoelectric barrier sends a signal to the image capture hardware. Only then the lines are transmitted and it is possible to avoid that the test object spreads over two image blocks.

The machine vision system is configured in such a way that always a defined number of lines are scanned. In this way, even very long image strips, e.g. with 10,000 lines, can be transmitted. Yet this very simple method does have disadvantages, too: during the transmission of the image block, this cannot be processed.

Please note: Only the lab locations identified are authorized to test for USB-IF certification. Satellite lab locations not listed below are unauthorized to perform any USB-IF certification testing.

USB-IF strongly discourages its members and the industry at-large from using specification names/terminology in consumer-facing branding, packaging, advertisements, and other marketing materials.

Please review the USB-IF Compliance Updates webpage frequently for the latest information regarding the USB-IF Compliance Program. The updates may contain information on test requirements and/or test procedures.

USB-IF Compliance Workshops are members only events held regularly to promote USB product development, validate product compliance with the USB specification, help foster communication between USB product manufacturers and ensure that USB Peripherals operate together. Our goal is to eliminate interoperability problems by ensuring proper implementation of USB products.

To attend a test lab a vendor must first Register their product with the USB-IF. The USB-IF collects a variety of registration data to categorize the product and ensure the appropriate testing is performed. Once all registration questions are answered and appropriate documentation submitted, a vendor will be able to select an ITL that is capable of testing the product type categorized by the registration information. An email will be sent to you, the ITL and USB-IF Administration confirming the selection of ITL and registration.  Once the Product has been accepted for testing by an ITL a Test ID (TID) will be assigned.

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The transmission of smaller image blocks is also interesting. Small segments are transmitted immediately and put together in the PC. In this way the user is provided with image information at a faster pace, which can be processed. Particularly in case of continuous material which is supposed to be check completely, the processor is better working to capacity in this way. If any features (such as paint defects and scratches) are accidentally in the overlapping zone, it can be complicated to evaluate them because the information is spread over two images. However, the programmer can take this into consideration when developing the application and dynamically shift the image regions.

To support this effort, USB-IF has developed recommendations on how to enter marketing names during product certification registration for consumer-facing solutions (i.e., not ingredient products such as host, device silicon, raw connectors, etc.). To review the recommended naming conventions for your product please review the USB-IF Integrators List Marketing Name Guidance document and choose your product marketing name from the recommended naming conventions.

When developing compliance programs the USB-IF uses the USB-IF Platform Interoperability lab as the initial lab for certification and compliance plan development. Products that are early to implement new USB standards are encouraged to attend the USB-IF Platform Interoperability Lab for compliance testing.

If your company is purchasing and reselling under your company name products currently on the Integrator's List under your supplier’s company name, it is possible to have these products added to the Integrator's List under your company’s name without retesting. To do so, your supplier must submit the online confirmation of product identity form for your OEM arrangement. Only the USB-IF primary representative from the supplier company may apply. Please remember the requirements for a company to display the USB logo in conjunction with its products are:

As a new, second transmission medium for bandwidths of up to 80 megabytes per second, line scan cameras with a gigabit Ethernet interface are available, too. The advantages are the omission of the image acquisition card and the long cables which can also be achieved using cheap Ethernet network cables. The overall system is therefore clearly cheaper.

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The CameraLink interface prevails in the image transmission for line scan cameras and has thus completely replaced the old LVDS interface. This standard serves to transmit up to 800 megabytes per second. For this purpose a CameraLink image acquisition card is required at which maximally one camera can be operated in "full configuration" or two cameras in "base configuration", depending on the data rate. It is important that the image acquisition card is adapted for the requirements of the line scan camera (bit depth, number of sensor taps, etc.). The cables are standardised, however, some important details must be observed, too, like the screwing or locking of the plugs or simply the quality of the signal lines. Cable lengths of up to 10 metres are possible without any problems using CameraLink cables, in case of longer cables repeaters or fibreglass converters must be used.

In case of line lengths of 8k or 12k resolution, increasingly small pixel sizes are used, e.g. 7 µm, as the sensor could otherwise not be exposed using lenses with M42 or F-mount connection. The next larger standard would be optics for medium format cameras which are extremely expensive.

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USB Members and Vendors can access their companies registered devices by selecting "Company Products" using the top ribbon. This area is where you can search, view status, edit or delete existing registrations. Companies can only edit or delete registration that have not been submitted to a test lab.

To participate in the Qualification by Similarity program or to read more information on the program please visit the link found here.

In an extreme case, so-called TDI line scan cameras (time delay integration) serve to add up to 96 lines to one overall signal in order to be 96 times more sensitive. As in this special case the large number of lines is also spatially spread, the image capture on the sensor must be synchronised very accurately with the movement of conveyor and test object in order to make both displacements (conveyor and sensor) match precisely. Only in this way the lines can subsequently be summed up without generating image blurring.

A variation of this method is to equip the system with an image trigger in order to detect single parts on a conveyor, for example. The image capture of the individual lines only starts when a photoelectric barrier is triggered by a part. This makes it possible to avoid that a part is accidentally spread over two image blocks.

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Compliance Workshops are held about once a quarter at hotels in various locations and typically run for five days. The USB-IF provides special test teams who perform the tests developed for the Compliance Program. Private test sessions are also scheduled between System vendors and Peripheral vendors. During these test sessions, the vendors validate that their products work well together. Once a workshop is complete the USB-IF evaluates all test data for completeness and compliance. Upon completing the evaluation of all attendees the USB-IF notifies each vendor of the result of the testing

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A peculiarity and novelty are intelligent line scan cameras. They work mainly at a line scan frequency of 12 to 18 kHz with a resolution of 1 to 2k line length. The image must no longer compulsively be transmitted to a PC, as it is immediately evaluated in the device and only the measurement results are transferred via the FastEthernet interface (100 Mbit) and I/Os. Handling these devices is also possible for less ambitious image processors, as the complexity is not that high and the modularity of the components (and number of error sources) is extremely restricted. This technology, however, has clear limits concerning camera resolution and software evaluation, as the computing power is significantly lower compared to a PC.

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The line scan sensor is read out in fast succession: a line scan camera with a sampling rate of 18 kHz, for instance, reads out 18,000 times per seconds, i.e. every 55 µs. In order to get the data out of the sensor, the digitalisation must happen very fast: in case of a line length of 2048 pixels, this is a frequency of 18 kHz x 2048 = 36 MHz. In order to be able to read out the sensor with even higher data rates, the sensor is read out on multiple channels:

From a resolution of 2048 pixels on, the sensor with 14-µm pixels has a line length of approximately 29 millimetres: the C-mount typical for industrial area scan cameras cannot be used. From a line length of over 20 mm on, the cameras have a M42 connection or Nikon bayonet, also called F-mount connection.

USB Members and Vendors can register a product for testing at one of our authorized test labs please click the arrow next to "Register USB Product" located on the ribbon at the top of this page. Please select the registration form from the product type that describes your product. Once you have entered your product details and hit save you can then request testing at one of our labs. The lab will contact you if they have accepted or declined your product for testing.

At this point it is the vendors and ITLs responsibility to negotiate prices and establish a test date. The USB-IF is no longer involved until the ITL submits the test data for USB-IF review. Once the USB-IF reviews the test data an email will be sent to the vendor stating the result of the testing and whether or not the product achieved certification.

Visualisierung / Industrie-Kameras / Kamera-Steuerung.

For USB Type-C Cables and USB Type-C Connectors (both plugs and receptacles) the IEC 62680 Conformity Program requirements are the same as the USB-IF full certification program. For cable and connector developers seeking IEC 62680 Conformity, please use the standard USB-IF certification and registration process by completing the respective cable or connector registration forms located here.

The camera only captures one image line in fast succession. For two-dimensional image acquisition, motion is required in addition to the inspection: either the object to be captured is moved by means of a conveyor ("fax principle") or the camera is moved along the stationary object ("scanner principle").

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