Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) enables multiple colors (wavelengths) of light to travel over the same fiber simultaneously, with each color carrying a discrete signal. This concept has been taken to the next level through dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), with tighter wavelength spacing accommodating up to 96 channels on a single fiber. When combined with coherent modulation, individual channel bandwidth can expand to 400 or 800 Gigabits

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Delivering more data over the same fiber format has been the goal of scientists and engineers for decades. With bandwidth requirements continuing to challenge hardware capacity, innovation in this space has gone from nicety to necessity. Since on-off modulation is limited to 10 Gigabit/sec. transmission rates, coherent optical technology is essential for maximizing data capacity.

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Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) is a multi-level modulation scheme designed for short-haul fiber links. PAM4 utilizes four amplitude pulses, each containing two bits, to double the bandwidth of conventional binary methods. The simplicity and low power requirements of PAM4 make it a popular option for 100G and 400G Ethernet applications.

As a fully digital transmission method, coherent fiber optics are customizable to suit a variety of applications and line rates. The high spectral efficiency (e.g., number of bits that can be transferred in the optical spectrum) and reduced amplification requirements are ideal for high-bandwidth dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) applications. Important coherent optics fundamentals and applications include:

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Coherent fiber optics utilize the natural properties of light to optimize digital modulation practices and fiber optic carrying capacity in long-range applications. VIAVI has developed versatile, industry-leading solutions to support the unique design validation, compliance testing, and manufacturing requirements of coherent optical modules.

A coherent optical fiber communication system leverages variable properties of light waves, including amplitude, phase, and polarization, to optimize the capacity of a fiber optic link. Far exceeding the limitations of traditional OOK, coherent optical transmission deploys tunable lasers and sophisticated digital signal processing at both ends the line to effectively modulate and demodulate each of these properties.

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Unlike coherent optics, PAM4 is highly susceptible to fiber impairments. This limits range to ≤30 kilometers for unamplified links. PAM4 is often used for client interfaces as defined by the IEEE, whereas coherent optical fiber communication systems, as specified by the OIF or ITU, can potentially span thousands of kilometers on unamplified links.

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Coherent optics are typically used for ultra-high bandwidth applications ranging anywhere from 100 Gigabit to 1 Terabit per second. Powerful digital signal processing chips (DSPs) are embedded within these systems to mitigate non-linear effects caused by fiber impairments, including chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion.

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With the release of the IEEE 802.3ct standard, coherent optics can now be used to carry 400G over extremely long distances. Light intensity modes of modulation have given way to a comprehensive approach requiring advanced digital signal processing technology, forward error correction (FEC), and tunable lasers.