When you enable Optic ID, your Persona is linked to your Optic ID enrollment and can be used only after successful Optic ID authentication.

The probability that a random person in the population could unlock your Apple Vision Pro using Optic ID is less than 1 in 1,000,000. As an additional protection, Optic ID allows a maximum of five unsuccessful match attempts before a passcode is required. The statistical probability that a random person could unlock your Apple Vision Pro using Optic ID is higher if only a single eye is enrolled in Optic ID, which is an accessibility option.

Irisdiaphragm on a microscope

Optic ID results from the combination of some of the most advanced hardware and software we’ve ever created. When you set up Optic ID, spatiotemporally modulated eye-safe near-infrared light illuminates the eye, so that the Apple Vision Pro eye cameras can capture images of your iris. This iris image data is sent to and processed on the Secure Enclave and a portion of the Apple M2 chip’s neural engine that’s protected within the Secure Enclave, where it is transformed into a mathematical representation for enrollment. When you authenticate with Optic ID, the authentication attempt uses the same process to compare your iris to the enrolled biometric data to determine whether there is a match.

3. R. R. Willey, Practical Design of Optical Thin Films, Fourth Edition, Sec. 2.10, Willey Optical, Consultants, Charlevoix, MI (2014).

An uncoated surface of crown glass, such as Schott's NBK7 with index of refraction around 1.52 at 550 nm, will reflect about 4.26% of incident light across the visible spectrum. In camera and microscope lenses, this reflection will unfortunately cause ghost images and lost transmittance of the wanted image flux. To prevent such reflections, the concept of the single-layer AR coating was patented in the 1930s by Smakula, and John Strong reported a single-layer AR (SLAR) coating in 1936.1, 2

This high and low index combination is commonly referred to as a "V-Coat" because it has only a narrow bandwidth near 0% reflectance, with the curve approximating a "V" shape. Another option for more broadband antireflection is a three-layer broadband AR (BBAR) coating on an NBK7 substrate. This coating has a QWOT of medium index (1.65), two QWOTs of high index (2.1), and one QWOT of 1.38, and is sometimes referred to as a QHQ or MHL design.

Irislens diaphragm in eye

Much of our digital lives are stored on our Apple devices, and it’s important to protect that information. Like every Apple product and service, Apple Vision Pro was designed to help protect your privacy and keep you in control of your information. It builds on the foundation of existing Apple privacy and security features with new technologies like Optic ID.

To control how it’s used, go to Settings > Optic ID & Passcode > “Use Optic ID For,” then adjust the settings. For example, if you don’t want to use Optic ID to unlock your device, turn off Apple Vision Pro Unlock.

Basically, the reflectance will be zero at the wavelength at which the path delay between the front and rear reflections in the coating is 180° (or a multiple of that), representing one quarter-wave optical thickness (QWOT) at such wavelengths. At 510 nm, for example, this condition is satisfied on a substrate with refractive index 1.52 by a coating with a refractive index of 1.233, which is the square root of 1.52 (see Fig. 1).

At Apple, we believe privacy is a fundamental human right and we’ve designed Optic ID to protect your privacy. Optic ID data — including mathematical representations of your iris — is encrypted and protected by the Secure Enclave. This data will be refined and updated as you use Optic ID to improve your experience, including when you successfully authenticate. Optic ID data doesn’t leave your device and is never backed up to iCloud or anywhere else. In addition, eye-tracking information is not shared with Apple, third-party apps, or websites.

If Optic ID isn’t working, you should contact Apple for service. Repairs should be done by a trained technician who uses genuine Apple parts. Improper repair, modification, or use of non-genuine components in the illumination systems may make the output non-compliant with the standards, and could cause hazardous exposure and injury to the eyes or skin.

With the rapid advance of lithographic techniques and the materials that can be etched, it is now possible to make mechanical surfaces whose textures/shapes create the index-vs.-thickness profiles on a microscopic scale that approximate those needed for very BBAR coatings. The individual features of such an etched surface must be less in height and width than the shortest wavelength in the desired AR band.

To turn off Optic ID entirely, go to Settings > Optic ID & Passcode, then select Reset Optic ID or Reset Optic ID for All Prescriptions (if you use ZEISS optical inserts) — which deletes Optic ID data, including mathematical representations of your iris, from your device.

In the same way that Touch ID revolutionized authentication using a fingerprint and Face ID revolutionized authentication using facial recognition, Optic ID revolutionizes authentication using iris recognition. Optic ID provides intuitive and secure authentication that uses the uniqueness of your iris, made possible by Apple Vision Pro’s high-performance eye-tracking system of LEDs and infrared cameras.

Within supported apps, you can use Optic ID for authentication. Apps are notified only whether the authentication is successful or not. Apps can’t access Optic ID data.

For a very broadband AR coating, the ideal profile of the index-of-refraction-vs.-thickness from a substrate to the media (usually air or vacuum) is a Gaussian-like curve starting from the index of the substrate and going to the index of the medium over a thickness/distance of approximately one half-wave optical thickness at the longest wavelength in the antireflection band. This can be approximated by simpler coatings of homogeneous index for narrower AR bands, and by lithographically etched substrates for some materials.

In some of these cases, such as when the device has just been turned on or restarted, you may still be able to use Optic ID if your iPhone is nearby and set up to enable Optic ID in Settings.

Irisdiaphragm camera

To customize which eye that you use to control Apple Vision Pro and with Optic ID: In Settings, scroll down and select Accessibility > Eye Input. You can choose Both Eyes, Left Eye Only, or Right Eye Only.

Antireflection (AR) coatings, the most common optical coatings used in the world, range from single-wavelength operation (for narrowband lasers) to coatings functioning over very broad spectral bands such as 380–1550 nm or from 3 to 12 μm, for example.

Finally, in some special cases where the AR band required is for only one wavelength (as in a laser), single- or double-layer AR coatings can work quite well.

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With a refractive index of approximately 1.38, magnesium fluoride (MgF2) results in a reflection of around 1.26% (not 0%) for the previously mentioned NBK7 substrate. Another case producing 0% reflection at the design (QWOT) wavelength is where the substrate is of index 1.9 and the coating is of index 1.38, like MgF2. The reflection of this 1.9 index glass when uncoated would be 9.63%, but the SLAR coating of MgF2 reduces the reflection to 0% at the design wavelength of 550 nm in this case.

To use Optic ID, you must set up a passcode on your Apple Vision Pro. You may need to enter your passcode for additional security validation when:

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An ideal BBARTo create a coating that operates over the broadest possible wavelength band, some simple design principles apply. If there were a substrate of index 4.0 such as germanium in the infrared spectral band, the square root equation indicates that the best QWOT AR coating layer would have an index of 2.0. And if two layers are used, their indices and thickness can be further optimized to give a broader AR band (see Fig. 3). This procedure can be extended to three, four, and five or more layers by following a step-down-index-vs.-thickness refractive index profile.

If you’re blind or low vision, Optic ID enrollment may be feasible by focusing gaze forward, in the center of the screen during set up. If you choose not to use Optic ID or if it’s not a feasible solution, you can unlock Apple Vision Pro and use Persona via passcode.

The infrared emitters may be visible when viewed by a camera. In addition, some users may be able to detect the light of the emitters — which could appear as a faint red flickering — in a completely dark environment. This is considered safe and normal.

When you unlock your Apple Vision Pro with Optic ID, the Optic ID icon is prominently displayed in the center of your line of sight. After you successfully unlock Vision Pro or authenticate in an app, Optic ID keeps continual track that your eye area is visible to the Apple Vision Pro eye cameras. While you continue to wear the device, if you need to authenticate again, this continual tracking is used by Optic ID for authentication. To help prevent inadvertent purchases using Apple Pay, the authorization will only be successful if you’re looking directly at the app from which you’re making a purchase and the payment sheet is visible.

With Optic ID, we’ve done some important things to safeguard the information on your Apple Vision Pro, the same way that we did with Touch ID and Face ID. Optic ID uses near-infrared imaging and processing including machine learning for a secure authentication solution. Optic ID data is encrypted, never leaves your device, and is accessible only to the Secure Enclave processor.

In the extreme case of an infinite number of layers, the index profile would have a Gaussian shape. The overall thickness of this ideal AR coating is slightly over two QWOTs at the longest wavelength or lowest frequency in the pass band (300 cm-1). The AR band of this ideal AR coating would extend from that longest wavelength to ALL shorter wavelengths!

Whether fabricated with a single layer or even tens of layers, the basic characteristics of ideal AR coatings and their real-world approximations can be described in terms of reflectance and transmittance vs. wavelength. Reflectance vs. thickness and index of refraction vs. thickness are just some of the presentations that help to illustrate both the possibilities and limitations of modern-day AR coating technology.

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This MgF2 SLAR coating could be an adequate AR coating for a laser at wavelength 550 nm, or the thickness of the layer could be adjusted to be a QWOT at some other laser wavelength as needed.

The passcode hasn’t been used to unlock the device in the last six-and-a-half days and Optic ID hasn't unlocked the device in the last 4 hours.

If you rely upon a dominant eye, you can choose to control Apple Vision Pro with only one eye. When you choose this option, only that eye is used with Optic ID.

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With a look, Optic ID securely unlocks your Apple Vision Pro. You can use it to authorize purchases from the App Store and Book Store, payments using Apple Pay, and more. Developers can also allow you to use Optic ID to sign into their apps. Apps that support Touch ID or Face ID automatically support Optic ID.

IrisDiaphragm

Optic ID matches against detailed iris structure in the near-infrared domain, which reveals highly unique patterns independent of iris pigmentation. It’s designed to protect against spoofing through the use of sophisticated neural networks that analyze the authenticity of the iris and surrounding region.

We’ve designed the near-infrared illumination system used in Optic ID — which consists of multiple infrared emitters placed behind the lens — with safety at the forefront. This system complies with international safety standards and won't cause harm to the eyes or skin due to the low output of the emitters.

The primary underlying principle of AR coatings is that the reflection of light from the outside surface of a single coating layer interferes with the reflection from the interface between the coating layer and the substrate. The reflection can be eliminated (made to be zero) if the refractive index of the coating material (n2) is equal to the square root (SQRT) of the product of the indices of the substrate (n3) and the surrounding medium (n1, air or vacuum). That is, n2 = SQRT(n1*n3).

Ron Willey has more than 50 years experience as individual contributor and director of optical system and optical coating development, design, and production. He eaches short courses internationally, and is author of many technical papers and five books. Mr. Willey graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, having majored in optical instrumentation. He also earned a masters degree in computer science from the Florida Institute of Technology. He has taught optics at the Florida Institute of Technology, the University of Wisconsin, and Martin Marietta Corporation. He has taught optical thin film design, development, and production at SPIE, the Society of Vacuum Coaters, Florida Institute of Technology, and the University of Wisconsin.

It is practical to overcome the index-of-refraction limitations for a laser AR coating at one wavelength (over a narrow bandwidth) by using two materials of high and low index. In essence, a thin layer (non-QWOT) of appropriate thickness of high index (such as 2.3) material is first deposited on the substrate, which makes the combination of the substrate with the new layer act more like the 1.9 index glass substrate above so that a layer of index 1.38 will then be more nearly the ideal AR index for that combination (at the design wavelength).

Optic ID automatically adapts to changes in conditions by updating your enrolled template after a successful authentication. This helps improve Optic ID performance in various lighting conditions, under which the visible portion of your iris and the size of your pupil might vary. Optic ID is designed to work with prescription soft contact lenses and ZEISS Optical Inserts for users who require vision correction.

1. O. Smakula, "Verfahren zur Erhoehung der Lichtdurchlaessigkeit optischer Teile durch Erniedrigungdes Brechungsexponenten an den Grenzflaechen dieser optischen Teile," German patent DE685767 (C) (1935).