Most of the diverse setups and fits that people need are easily accomplished within the huge range of lengths and angles of stems that exist in the marketplace, along with the many different bars, for the 31.8mm interface. Here are some arrays of 12 very commonly available generic stems that can be had in 31.8mm:

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It’s hard to understand why so many people have defended the interface so vigorously each time that I express my disgust for it. They lack any good reasons or logic behind their thinking. It is a hill to die on for many. Notice that the biggest fans are the worst at bike setup, fit, and often riding.

On top of those, there are a huge number of the handlebar options in the 31.8mm interface. These, of course, cover the customary handlebars widths and sweep angles that many want. Additionally, notice that the modern high sweep angle handlebars that can be had from SQlabs or Salsa are not available in 35mm bar diameters.

When a person buys a bike, one of the first things that they need to do is get the ergonomic geometry adjusted to work for their needs. This could easily accomplished by just swapping a stem if it is 31.8mm. When the bike comes with 35mm handlebars, we almost always have to just trash the 35mm parts (stem AND handlebars) and replace them both with 31.8mm. Then we can fine tune with relative ease.

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Here’s a cool fact, a 31.8mm handlebar can be used with a stem that has a bar clamp diameter of 31.8mm OR 35.0mm (with a shim). A 35mm handlebar can only be used with stems with 35mm clamp diameters. This is obvious and should require no further explanation.

Various types of lamps, including krypton arc, halogen, and xenon flash, or light or laser diodes may be used as pump sources. With power optically supplied and neodymium ions electrically stimulated, the Nd:YAG crystal is illuminated.

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I’ll admit, very few riders are interested in fit or performance. I see little work done on this front by users or shops around me. It’s just not really a thing that cyclists care about…fit. If the opposite were true, you’d hear other voices than mine about these same issues.

One type of solid-state laser is an Nd:YAG laser. These discharge at 1064nm, close to infrared. The main source is the crystal yttrium aluminum garnet. Neodymium-doping replaces roughly 0.5% - 3% of the yttrium atoms. Bell Laboratories produced this type of laser in 1964. YAG lasers, along with CO2 and fiber, are popular for processing industrial applications and materials.

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What I am getting at is that providing this equipment on brand new complete bikes from service grade to ‘high performance’ is a terrible thing to do. It makes it hard to arrive at a good fit and performance envelope. Users get sucked into trying to find parts that are marginal for their goals as that is what is available in 35mm.

The wavelength released by the Nd:YAG laser can be quite effectively halved through non-linear crystals, otherwise doubling the laser light frequency. This produces an evident green light with a wavelength of 1064nm / 2 = 532nm. Frequency tripling or wavelength thirding creates UV emissions of 1064nm / 3 = 355nm. This wavelength permits the marking of essentially all plastics.

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One of the greatest technical challenges with a solid-state laser is the need for the structure to be composed of a single crystal throughout as well as high-purity and selective doping of the medium. It needs to have minimal heat loss with the greatest achievable efficiency. The solid-state laser can damage itself with excessive pumping power, meaning that it needs to be able to endure tremendous energy density.

The Race Face Aefect 35 stem is one that is produced with far more options than any other. A total of 5; 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90mm lengths all with a 6 degree angle. The Shimano PRO Tharsis 3Five Alloy Stem is almost exactly the same. That’s it. You may be able to find 35, 40, and 45mm sizing by sifting though a host of other brands, all with a 0-6 degree angle. That’s about 8 geometrically discrete stem choices across the entire market. None having any substantial rise or negation.

Disc and slab lasers are becoming increasingly popular, often replacing traditional cylindrical Nd:YAG laser rods. The cylindrical rods have an incredibly small diameter in relation to their length, making the surface area of the rods quite smaller than disks of the same volume. Due to this, it is more difficult to cool the cylindrical rods. Disc lasers are also capable of higher pump power and, therefore, higher laser power. Some Nd:YAG lasers have an output power greater than 10kW. These systems are typically reserved for industrial applications.

The near-infrared light released by the Nd:YAG laser is led through a glass fiber, allowing the integration into multiple devices. Economical optics constructed of quartz glass can help to lower the costs of the lasers. Additionally, Nd:YAG lasers are not just used for marking. They are also often used for cutting, welding, and micromachining.Disadvantages include high investment costs and low beam quality at very high powers.

In other situations, we need high stems. Flat bar road and gravel bikes will often need an increase in grip height from what would otherwise be possible with regular parts. This also happens with smaller wheels and shorter forked mountain bikes. The shorter and steeper the stem, the more we can upsize the bike for faster off-road performance.

I’m not saying here that you shouldn’t change your handlebars to 35mm if you have a particular need and your fit is accomplished with what you are able to purchase. That’s fine if that’s your thing.

Diode-pumped lasers are excited through diode lasers with an 808nm wavelength. These lasers typically have an output power of 100 watts on average. The electrons of the neodymium atoms absorb the electric pump light to reach a greater energy level. Stimulated emission then releases the energy that is housed in the excited atoms.

Here’s an absurd stem that I made in 2018 for the Bird of Prey. I was trying to very fine tune a fit and this worked out well.

The Nd:YAG lasers have a wavelength that is roughly ten times less than CO2 lasers. This smaller wavelength creates a smaller area of focus and a higher intensity. This is incredibly beneficial when working with metals.

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The laser is great for marking a variety of materials due to its large maximum wattage capabilities. Engraving tools, workpieces, or devices are a few of the more popular applications. The marking of some plastics produces a prominent dark or light color change.

The ratio between laser power and light power will determine the efficiency of the system. Lamp-pumped YAG systems are typically at 2-4% efficiency. However, diode-pumped YAG lasers can range between 30-50% efficiency. Diode-pumped systems also have reduced heat loss, therefore, less cooling is needed, which can extend the lifetime of the laser. Additionally, they have a greater number of pulses per second in pulse mode and pulse peak powers.

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For handlebars, nearly all available 35mm bars have sweep values from 5-9 degree but there is some range in the rise of some of these bars. That’s not super useful given that most non-racer users should be moving toward bars with sweeps of 12-18 degrees.

At times, we need to use very low stems. This happens for aggressive XC bikes but also for over forked or upsized trail and enduro bikes, like my wife’s recent build. In the past decade, we’ve been doing a lot of over forking, angle sets, and upsizing for improved performance on real trail for store bought bikes. This is what happens when every bit of performance is needed on the trails.

You could argue that 35mm bars are new and that’s why there are so little current choices, that more options are on the way. This can’t be true as the interface has been around for over 20 years and has been very widely circulated for more than a decade. If options were on the way, we would have seen them years ago. So that’s definitely not the reason.

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Aug 9, 2024 — LASIK is a type of refractive surgery. This kind of surgery uses a laser to treat vision problems caused by refractive errors.

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You could argue that 35mm bars offer greater grip to prevent slip in the stem clamp. This is insane on the face of it. Notice that BMX bikes use 7/8″ clamp and have for the last 50 years. The bars on BMX bikes have far greater leverage working against the clamp and see far more forces at the end of those levers. Do they slip? No, they do not.

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The stems that are available for 31.8mm is so much more extensive than I can show here. The point that I’m intending to make is that with a 31.8mm interface you have several hundred hand grip position options just by changing the stem.

Nd:YAG refers to a yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal where the yttrium ions have been substituted by neodymium. The chemical symbol of yttrium = Y and the chemical symbol of neodymium = Nd, thus Nd:YAG. With these lasers, the neodymium-doping is roughly 0.5% - 3%. As the level of doping increases, the laser power also increases. However, the quality of the beam decreases as the power goes up. This is the same for all lasers.

In addition to those generic stems, we have many exotic stems that do even more extreme positioning, the Syntace Flatforce stem in particular:

Optical flow technology, tattoo removal, military dazzler weapons, and research are just a few more applications that are possible with Nd:YAG lasers.

These systems are proper light-emitting diodes with mirrored interfaces building a resonator. Laser diodes are electrically pumped and remarkably compact semiconductor lasers (these are a subgroup of the solid-state lasers). The great capability of the diodes, the accurate controllability, and the more prolonged service life related to lamps, have considerably enhanced the prevalence of the Nd:YAG laser, uprooting the older lamp pump source technology, especially in the lower wattage spectrum.

Let’s look at what we use the stem of a bicycle for; The stem works with the handlebars to place the handgrips in exactly the correct position relative to the pedals and saddle of the bike. This will be different in each use case that the bike is expected to be in and what particular rider is on board. This will also be different depending on the goals and size of the rider as well as the geometry of the frame, fork, headset, and handlebars. An XC bike, an enduro bike, and a downhill bike will have very different handgrip positions for the same user. Clearly, this is fussy stuff.

For many years I’ve been discussing the problem with 35mm handlebars on bicycles. Having them specified on stock bicycles is especially bad. They are rarely a good choice for a custom bicycle. I’ve got piles of these parts in a bin leftover from years of working around this junk, replaced with 31.8mm parts. I’ve finally been forced to formally explain what is obvious.

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What do 35mm handlebars do exactly? Simply, they allow a lighter handlebar to be produced in carbon fiber at similar strength and stiffness to what we know works well. That’s pretty much it. A few grams saved in the bars, but a few added to the stem, and a terrible fit on the bike…unless you are really really lucky.

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Another point about 31.8mm interface is that far more accessories work with them and are available for far less than the few available for 35mm.

Piling costs like this onto new riders that were just able to get on a bike and need reasonable accommodations is an industry shooting itself in the foot as these riders probably won’t make the changes, and will be on a bike that makes their experience worse than it reasonably could be. They may move on to something else.

Grip length and most inboard allowable position of controls and grips can be a real problem in the 35mm format. This isn’t exclusive to 35mm over 31.8mm but it easier for a bad designer to really limit what kind of range a rider will have available. I really do see this a lot with the 35mm stuff. In the old handlebar study that I show below (produced in 2019), notice that the Race Face Atlas 35/35 785mm bars have just 200mm of grip area to use. If you were a petite woman or rode fast in very tight trees, and you want to cut the bars down to 740mm. That would leave you about 177mm of room for controls and grips. That’s simply not enough. Even my wife needs at least 180mm of grip area on her setup.