WbeamSize chart

Bethlehem Steel, headquartered in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was a leading supplier of rolled structural steel of various cross-sections in American bridge and skyscraper work of the mid-20th century.[3] Rolled cross-sections now have been partially displaced in such work by fabricated cross-sections.

In Mexico, steel I-beams are called IR and commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "IR250x33" beam is approximately 250 mm (9.8 in) in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately 33 kg/m (22 lb/ft).[9]

In the United States, the most commonly mentioned I-beam is the wide-flange (W) shape. These beams have flanges whose inside surfaces are parallel over most of their area. Other I-beams include American Standard (designated S) shapes, in which inner flange surfaces are not parallel, and H-piles (designated HP), which are typically used as pile foundations. Wide-flange shapes are available in grade ASTM A992,[5] which has generally replaced the older ASTM grades A572 and A36. Ranges of yield strength:

Mshape Beam

Finding shops that sell large Fresnel lenses is not easy. Sometimes they are used as screen magnifiers for TV sets. Someone recommended this shop. 3Dlens.com also sells Fresnel lenses, and the F550 type seems most used with LCD's. Update: 3DLens.com no longer sells the F550 type lenses. I have been told that TV magnifier lenses also can be used. Google ebay for these type of products.  This factory in China also sells lenses, up to 100x100cm, but I did not have any contact with them.

In 1849, the method of producing an I-beam, as rolled from a single piece of wrought iron,[1] was patented by Alphonse Halbou of Forges de la Providence in Marchienne-au-Pont, Belgium.[2]

where I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and c is the distance of the top of the beam from the neutral axis (see beam theory for more details).

Steelbeamshapes

When designing a symmetric I-beam to resist stresses due to bending the usual starting point is the required section modulus. If the allowable stress is σmax and the maximum expected bending moment is Mmax, then the required section modulus is given by:[4]

However, these ideal conditions can never be achieved because material is needed in the web for physical reasons, including to resist buckling. For wide-flange beams, the section modulus is approximately

In Canada, steel I-beams are now commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "W250x33" beam is approximately 250 millimetres (9.8 in) in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately 33 kg/m (22 lb/ft; 67 lb/yd).[8] I-beams are still available in US sizes from many Canadian manufacturers.

The ideal beam is the one with the least cross-sectional area (and hence requiring the least material) needed to achieve a given section modulus. Since the section modulus depends on the value of the moment of inertia, an efficient beam must have most of its material located as far from the neutral axis as possible. The farther a given amount of material is from the neutral axis, the larger is the section modulus and hence a larger bending moment can be resisted.

Steelbeamtypes and sizes

When placing a fresnel lens in front of a monitor, two things happen: the screen is enlarged, but also the screen looks farther away. This creates a sense of depth. Only outside view (scenery) should have added depth, therefore fresnel lens can best be added to a split screen system:  The scenery view monitor with lens, and cockpit monitor without lens.

Hbeamsizes

An I-beam is any of various structural members with an Ɪ- (serif capital letter 'I') or H-shaped cross-section. Technical terms for similar items include H-beam, I-profile, universal column (UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian, and German). I-beams are typically made of structural steel and serve a wide variety of construction uses.

Fresnel lenses are used in overhead projectors (small size and rather coarse grooves) but also large screen projection TV's (both triple CRT and micro display type). Especially the projection TV kind is very suitable for flightsim screen enhancements. One day I came across  an "old" projection TV on the junkyard and have done several experiments with this 93x44cm (40" diagonal) lens. Its focal length is 56cm.

The horizontal elements of the Ɪ are called flanges, and the vertical element is known as the "web". The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam. The Euler–Bernoulli beam equation shows that the Ɪ-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced capacity in the transverse direction, and is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often preferred.

Sshape beam

I-beams are commonly made of structural steel but may also be formed from aluminium or other materials. A common type of I-beam is the rolled steel joist (RSJ), sometimes incorrectly rendered as reinforced steel joist. British and European standards also specify Universal Beams (UBs) and Universal Columns (UCs). These sections have parallel flanges, shown as "W-Section" in the accompanying illustration, as opposed to the varying thickness of RSJ flanges, illustrated as "S-Section", which are seldom now rolled in the United Kingdom. Parallel flanges are easier to connect to and do away with the need for tapering washers. UCs have equal or near-equal width and depth and are more suited to being oriented vertically to carry axial load such as columns in multi-storey construction, while UBs are significantly deeper than they are wide are more suited to carrying bending load such as beam elements in floors.

I-beams may be used both on their own, or acting compositely with another material, typically concrete. Design may be governed by any of the following criteria:

I-joists, I-beams engineered from wood with fiberboard or laminated veneer lumber, or both, are also becoming increasingly popular in construction, especially residential, as they are both lighter and less prone to warping than solid wooden joists. However, there has been some concern as to their rapid loss of strength in a fire if unprotected.

Adding a fresnel lens will create some screen distortion and color aberration, depending on the amount of magnification. Therefore, the distance lens-monitor and lens-viewpoint needs to be tweaked for best compromise between magnification and distortion.

I-beams are widely used in the construction industry and are available in a variety of standard sizes. Tables are available to allow easy selection of a suitable steel I-beam size for a given applied load. I-beams may be used both as beams and as columns.

A beam under bending sees high stresses along the axial fibers that are farthest from the neutral axis. To prevent failure, most of the material in the beam must be located in these regions. Comparatively little material is needed in the area close to the neutral axis. This observation is the basis of the I-beam cross-section; the neutral axis runs along the center of the web which can be relatively thin and most of the material can be concentrated in the flanges.

Though I-beams are excellent for unidirectional bending in a plane parallel to the web, they do not perform as well in bidirectional bending. These beams also show little resistance to twisting and undergo sectional warping under torsional loading. For torsion dominated problems, box beams and other types of stiff sections are used in preference to the I-beam.

HPshapeSteel

In the United Kingdom, these steel sections are commonly specified with a code consisting of the major dimension, usually the depth, -x-the minor dimension-x-the mass per metre-ending with the section type, all measurements being metric. Therefore, a 152x152x23UC would be a column section (UC = universal column) of approximately 152 mm (6.0 in) depth, 152 mm width and weighing 23 kg/m (46 lb/yd) of length.[10]

Cellular beams are the modern version of the traditional castellated beam, which results in a beam approximately 40–60% deeper than its parent section. The exact finished depth, cell diameter and cell spacing are flexible. A cellular beam is up to 1.5 times stronger than its parent section and is therefore utilized to create efficient large span constructions.[11]

For a beam of cross-sectional area a and height h, the ideal cross-section would have half the area at a distance ⁠h/2⁠ above the cross-section and the other half at a distance ⁠h/2⁠ below the cross-section.[4] For this cross-section,

Ibeamsizes

In the United States, steel I-beams are commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam. For example, a "W10x22" beam is approximately 10 in (254 mm) in depth with a nominal height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange, and weighs 22 lb/ft (33 kg/m). Wide flange section beams often vary from their nominal depth. In the case of the W14 series, they may be as deep as 22.84 in (580 mm).[7]'

In India, I-beams are designated as ISMB, ISJB, ISLB, ISWB. ISMB: Indian Standard Medium Weight Beam, ISJB: Indian Standard Junior Beams, ISLB: Indian Standard Light Weight Beams, and ISWB: Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams. Beams are designated as per respective abbreviated reference followed by the depth of section, such as for example ISMB 450, where 450 is the depth of section in millimetres (mm). The dimensions of these beams are classified as per IS:808 (as per BIS).[citation needed]

The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) publishes the Steel Construction Manual for designing structures of various shapes. It documents the common approaches, Allowable Strength Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), (starting with 13th ed.) to create such designs.

Experiments with my 93x44cm lens with 56cm focal distance have shown that for optimal results, this lens had to be about 33cm way from the LCD screens. Viewing distance from the lens should be equal or less than the focal length. I'm sitting about 55cm from the lens. Larger viewing distance will result in magnifying distortion at the edges.

In Australia, these steel sections are commonly referred to as Universal Beams (UB) or Columns (UC). The designation for each is given as the approximate height of the beam, the type (beam or column) and then the unit metre rate (e.g., a 460UB67.1 is an approximately 460 mm (18.1 in) deep universal beam that weighs 67.1 kg/m (135 lb/yd)).[6]