Whether it's a video projector projecting onto an RP screen, or digital projections being created on an LED wall inside an LED volume - the light emanated from these sources must be accounted for when shooting virtual production. While it is often beneficial to have their practical light adding color and reflections on the set, their output is rarely enough to completely illuminate a scene. You will need additional lighting tools for shooting with LED walls and RP screens that can supplement the glow from these indirect light sources.

Light intensity decreases as the square of distance. Said another way, a subject passing in front of a lighting fixture a few feet from the source will clear the light beam in a shorter amount of time than if they walk through the beam at a point further away from the source.

Raman spectroscopy has been used to chemically image small molecules, such as nucleic acids, in biological systems by a vibrational tag.[27]

A tool used to measure proper exposure. Most light meters are reflective or incident-based with an incident meter measuring all light on a subject and a reflective meter measuring light bouncing back from a subject.

This modifier attaches to the front of an instrument and is usually matte black metal to prevent heat damage and unwanted reflection. Barn doors can direct and shape a beam of light.

The gaffer is the crew member most responsible for executing the lighting plan on a production. The gaffer often works hand in hand with a cinematographer and a variety of other crew members, including a best boy (called “sparks” in the UK or even “juicers”). The best boy is second to the gaffer and is responsible for the electrical operation of on-set fixtures. A key grip is responsible for safely mounting fixtures to film equipment or set/location architecture.

Stimulated Raman transitions are also widely used for manipulating a trapped ion's energy levels, and thus basis qubit states.

Two Rosco DMG MAXI fixtures mounted on a Double MAXI Yoke can create a voluminous amount of light on set while remaining relatively lightweight and portable.

The specific selection rules state that the allowed rotational transitions are Δ J = ± 2 {\displaystyle \Delta J=\pm 2} , where J {\displaystyle J} is the rotational state. This generally is only relevant to molecules in the gas phase where the Raman linewidths are small enough for rotational transitions to be resolved.

In the original description of the inverse Raman effect,[25] the authors discuss both absorption from a continuum of higher frequencies and absorption from a continuum of lower frequencies. They note that absorption from a continuum of lower frequencies will not be observed if the Raman frequency of the material is vibrational in origin and if the material is in thermal equilibrium.

In contrast to IR spectroscopy, where there is a requirement for a change in dipole moment for vibrational excitation to take place, Raman scattering requires a change in polarizability. A Raman transition from one state to another is allowed only if the molecular polarizability of those states is different. For a vibration, this means that the derivative of the polarizability with respect to the normal coordinate associated to the vibration is non-zero: ∂ α ∂ Q ≠ 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \alpha }{\partial Q}}\neq 0} . In general, a normal mode is Raman active if it transforms with the same symmetry of the quadratic forms ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 , x y , x z , y z ) {\displaystyle (x^{2},y^{2},z^{2},xy,xz,yz)} , which can be verified from the character table of the molecule's point group. As with IR spectroscopy, only fundamental excitations ( Δ ν = ± 1 {\displaystyle \Delta \nu =\pm 1} ) are allowed according to the QHO. There are however many cases where overtones are observed. The rule of mutual exclusion, which states that vibrational modes cannot be both IR and Raman active, applies to certain molecules.

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A comparison between the output of the key light and the output of a fill light. A higher ratio will lead to an image with more contrast. A lower ratio leads to an image with less contrast.

The purpose of a bounce or a reflector is to soften the light source. Bounces can be made of foam core materials, silver and gold reflective materials, or from the filming environment itself. Bounced light is difficult to control as it widens a beam substantially, but the effect on a subject can be very flattering. Keep in mind that the light beam may change color temperature after interacting.

You’ll learn how professionals think and execute film lighting. And you’ll find these concepts easily translatable to your own work — whether your work is in film, television, commercial, or event video production.

The primary unit of heat measurement in the international system of units. In film lighting, we use Kelvin to express CCT or correlated color temperature. CCT gauges how warm or cool a light source is. A candle, for example, has a color temperature of 2700K, while daylight, depending on the time of day, typically has a color temperature of 5600K.

A selection rule relevant only to ordered solid materials states that only phonons with zero phase angle can be observed by IR and Raman, except when phonon confinement is manifest.[13]

Can the light fixture hold up to the physical demands of the shoot? Can it withstand impact or dust and sand? Does it have large exterior vents that could allow particles to impede the delicate internal electronics? Is it waterproof or water resistant?

A lighting source that, to the audience, reads as having come from a realistic source within a scene. For example, a lighting fixture balanced to daylight and hidden just outside the frame over a window might read to an audience as the sun cascading through a window. A fixture balanced to 3200K and bouncing soft light mounted over a practical bed lamp may read to the audience as light emitting only from a bed lamp.

Modifiers that are mounted directly to the front of a light fixture or a grip frame to narrow the beam of light and prevent light spilling into the shot.

The term derives from GO – Between – Optics. It’s a metal or glass pattern that can project shapes, shadows, textures, and images when placed inside a focusable fixture like an ellipsoidal. Often used on set to project blind shadows, custom logos, or the outline of foliage.

Raman spectroscopy employs the Raman effect for substances analysis. The spectrum of the Raman-scattered light depends on the molecular constituents present and their state, allowing the spectrum to be used for material identification and analysis. Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze a wide range of materials, including gases, liquids, and solids. Highly complex materials such as biological organisms and human tissue[26] can also be analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.

A lighting concept resulting in fewer shadows and a lighting ratio between key and fill closer to 1:1 (see next entry). Commonly used in comedic films or three-camera sitcom projects.

Similar in concept to neutral density camera filters, these gel filters are used to dim down the light of windows, so they aren’t over-exposed and aren’t blown out in the shot. These grey gels come in a variety of different densities that lower the amount of light from ½ stop (very light) to 4 stops (very dark).

Raman scattering generally gives information about vibrations within a molecule. In the case of gases, information about rotational energy can also be gleaned.[12] For solids, phonon modes may also be observed.[13] The basics of infrared absorption regarding molecular vibrations apply to Raman scattering although the selection rules are different.

Flags are made out of various fabrics and are often mounted on a stand to block light or create shadows in a shot. Floppies are opaque flags that have extra lengths of fabric that can “flop” down when needed, or be attached to itself via velcro when not. Frames provide a location for cut pieces of gels or diffusion to be mounted. The size of both flags and frames can range from just a few inches to large rigs mounted from cranes over talent.

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Most often made from thin heat-resistant plastics, a gel can color a beam or be used for color correction. It's possible to create an overall color aesthetic with gels. They are denoted by name and sometimes a number designation from brands like Rosco. Gels were originally made from gelatin until the late 70s, and the “gels” nickname has stuck to this day.

For any given molecule, there are a total of 3N degrees of freedom, where N is the number of atoms. This number arises from the ability of each atom in a molecule to move in three dimensions.[14] When dealing with molecules, it is more common to consider the movement of the molecule as a whole. Consequently, the 3N degrees of freedom are partitioned into molecular translational, rotational, and vibrational motion. Three of the degrees of freedom correspond to translational motion of the molecule as a whole (along each of the three spatial dimensions). Similarly, three degrees of freedom correspond to rotations of the molecule about the x {\displaystyle x} , y {\displaystyle y} , and z {\displaystyle z} -axes. Linear molecules only have two rotations because rotations along the bond axis do not change the positions of the atoms in the molecule. The remaining degrees of freedom correspond to molecular vibrational modes. These modes include stretching and bending motions of the chemical bonds of the molecule. For a linear molecule, the number of vibrational modes is 3N-5, whereas for a non-linear molecule the number of vibrational modes is 3N-6.[14]

Traditional lighting fixtures used in film & television production include fresnels, soft lights, PAR lights, and ellipsoidal LEKO lights. These fixtures can be lamped with tungsten, HMI, fluorescent or LED sources.

An acronym that refers to a standardized digital communication method for controlling lighting fixtures. DMX control can be wired or wireless.

Soft light, common in mediums like fashion films, is a wrapping and flattering light source. Hard light is clearly directional and casts harsher shadows onto the subject. Understanding how the light hits your subject helps you choose how to make the light softer or harder for creative effects. It’s easy to make a hard light soft using different modifiers, but it is difficult to make a soft light hard.

Most modern film lights use LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) to illuminate a scene. Some are bi-color white lights that switch from warm to cool, While others are color-mixing fixtures that combine red, green, blue, and other LEDs to create a multitude of colors in addition to warm and cool white light.

Raman scattering is conceptualized as involving a virtual electronic energy level which corresponds to the energy of the exciting laser photons. Absorption of a photon excites the molecule to the imaginary state and re-emission leads to Raman or Rayleigh scattering. In all three cases the final state has the same electronic energy as the initial state but is higher in vibrational energy in the case of Stokes Raman scattering, lower in the case of anti-Stokes Raman scattering or the same in the case of Rayleigh scattering. Normally this is thought of in terms of wavenumbers, where ν ~ 0 {\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{0}} is the wavenumber of the laser and ν ~ M {\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{M}} is the wavenumber of the vibrational transition. Thus Stokes scattering gives a wavenumber of ν ~ 0 − ν ~ M {\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{0}-{\tilde {\nu }}_{M}} while ν ~ 0 + ν ~ M {\textstyle {\tilde {\nu }}_{0}+{\tilde {\nu }}_{M}} is given for anti-Stokes. When the exciting laser energy corresponds to an actual electronic excitation of the molecule then the resonance Raman effect occurs.

All lighting fixtures are not created equal, and securing and understanding the right tools for your film lighting project is critical. Considering the points above will help you make the right decision.

A three-point lighting setup is the most basic lighting configuration when lighting for film & TV. Using a key light from the front, a fill light from the side, and a hair light from the back helps define your subject and sets them apart from the background.

An electrical current passes through a mercury vapor, which energizes a phosphor coating on a bulb or tube, causing it to glow. Until recently, fluorescent was a very popular type of lighting used to create a soft and flattering light source. However, in many of the current major film markets, LED lighting has replaced fluorescent.

A heat-resistant “box” that affixes to a fixture to soften the light emitted using diffusive fabrics. A soft box will soften the beam more or less depending on the type of diffusion materials used.

Using a variety of lighting fixtures is common when lighting a film. Some fixtures come from the theater world; others have been around for decades. Power requirement, size, mobility, price, and output vary depending on the fixture. To the touch, some fixtures feel cooler, others hotter. Some fixtures even emit low levels of UV radiation. Each fixture creates a certain quality of light.

where n is a quantum number. Since the selection rules for Raman and infrared absorption generally dictate that only fundamental vibrations are observed, infrared excitation or Stokes Raman excitation results in an energy change of E = h ν = h 2 π k m {\displaystyle E=h\nu ={h \over {2\pi }}{\sqrt {k \over m}}}

In chemistry and physics, Raman scattering or the Raman effect (/ˈrɑːmən/) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change in the light's direction. Typically this effect involves vibrational energy being gained by a molecule as incident photons from a visible laser are shifted to lower energy. This is called normal Stokes-Raman scattering.

The Raman-scattering process as described above takes place spontaneously; i.e., in random time intervals, one of the many incoming photons is scattered by the material. This process is thus called spontaneous Raman scattering.

Most modern LED fixtures can dim their output using built-in dimmers, but dimmers are sometimes separate devices connected between a fixture power supply and the power source such as a wall socket or other type of generator or external battery. It’s important to pay attention to wattage requirements. Also, be aware some fixtures are not designed to be dimmed.

Lighting is a critical element for film and television production because without light – there is nothing for the camera to see and record. Lighting also utilizes color and contrast to tell the viewer where to look and create the visual mood and atmosphere of a scene.

A warm light source that uses tungsten-halogen bulbs to create a light that hovers around 3200K. Tungsten fixtures tend to be hot and heat-resistant gloves are strongly recommended when handling them. These fixtures have a very appealing price-to-lumen ratio, but draw lots of power in exchange for that level of output.

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The following focuses on the theory of normal (non-resonant, spontaneous, vibrational) Raman scattering of light by discrete molecules. X-ray Raman spectroscopy is conceptually similar but involves excitation of electronic, rather than vibrational, energy levels.

The spectrum of the scattered photons is termed the Raman spectrum. It shows the intensity of the scattered light as a function of its frequency difference Δν to the incident photons, more commonly called a Raman shift. The locations of corresponding Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks form a symmetric pattern around the RayleighΔν=0 line. The frequency shifts are symmetric because they correspond to the energy difference between the same upper and lower resonant states. The intensities of the pairs of features will typically differ, though. They depend on the populations of the initial states of the material, which in turn depend on the temperature. In thermodynamic equilibrium, the lower state will be more populated than the upper state. Therefore, the rate of transitions from the more populated lower state to the upper state (Stokes transitions) will be higher than in the opposite direction (anti-Stokes transitions). Correspondingly, Stokes scattering peaks are stronger than anti-Stokes scattering peaks. Their ratio depends on the temperature, and can therefore be exploited to measure it:

A fixture that uses an ellipsoidal-shaped reflector to collect and direct the light through a lens, which allows the light to be focused on a surface. These lights often feature shutters that allow for sharp cuts to the beam. The focusable optics also enable the fixtures to accept gobos – metal or glass discs that can cast shadows, texture the light beam, or project photo-quality imagery.

The symmetry of a vibrational mode is deduced from the depolarization ratio ρ, which is the ratio of the Raman scattering with polarization orthogonal to the incident laser and the Raman scattering with the same polarization as the incident laser: ρ = I r I u {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {I_{r}}{I_{u}}}} Here I r {\displaystyle I_{r}} is the intensity of Raman scattering when the analyzer is rotated 90 degrees with respect to the incident light's polarization axis, and I u {\displaystyle I_{u}} the intensity of Raman scattering when the analyzer is aligned with the polarization of the incident laser.[18] When polarized light interacts with a molecule, it distorts the molecule which induces an equal and opposite effect in the plane-wave, causing it to be rotated by the difference between the orientation of the molecule and the angle of polarization of the light wave. If ρ ≥ 3 4 {\displaystyle \rho \geq {\frac {3}{4}}} , then the vibrations at that frequency are depolarized; meaning they are not totally symmetric.[19][18]

A black material that serves to absorb or reduce the amount of light being reflected back onto a subject. Very useful in situations where bright natural ambient lighting is present like daytime sunny exteriors. Negative fill can be created with fabric flags & floppies, Blackwrap, or Rosco E276 Blackout.

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In labs, femtosecond laser pulses must be used because the ISRS becomes very weak if the pulses are too long. Thus ISRS cannot be observed using nanosecond pulses making ordinary time-incoherent light.[citation needed]

A backlight is used to separate the subject in the shot from the background. A hair light, as its name implies, accents the subject’s hair, which can also help separate the subject from the background.

The Raman effect is also involved in producing the appearance of the blue sky (see Rayleigh Scattering: 'Rayleigh scattering of molecular nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere includes elastic scattering as well as the inelastic contribution from rotational Raman scattering in air').

The energy range for vibrations is in the range of approximately 5 to 3500 cm−1. The fraction of molecules occupying a given vibrational mode at a given temperature follows a Boltzmann distribution. A molecule can be excited to a higher vibrational mode through the direct absorption of a photon of the appropriate energy, which falls in the terahertz or infrared range. This forms the basis of infrared spectroscopy. Alternatively, the same vibrational excitation can be produced by an inelastic scattering process. This is called Stokes Raman scattering, by analogy with the Stokes shift in fluorescence discovered by George Stokes in 1852, with light emission at longer wavelength (now known to correspond to lower energy) than the absorbed incident light. Conceptually similar effects can be caused by neutrons or electrons rather than light.[15] An increase in photon energy which leaves the molecule in a lower vibrational energy state is called anti-Stokes scattering.

Set speak for a flag that is placed close to the lighting source to remove light from part of the shot and reduce spill from a given side.

Does the lighting fixture have accessories and modifiers available, or will your team need to consider creating custom options?

The inverse Raman effect is a form of Raman scattering first noted by W. J. Jones and Boris P. Stoicheff. In some circumstances, Stokes scattering can exceed anti-Stokes scattering; in these cases the continuum (on leaving the material) is observed to have an absorption line (a dip in intensity) at νL+νM. This phenomenon is referred to as the inverse Raman effect; the application of the phenomenon is referred to as inverse Raman spectroscopy, and a record of the continuum is referred to as an inverse Raman spectrum.

LED stands for light-emitting diode. A current travels through a small electrical chip and that chip emits light. LED lights are directional and tend to draw less power, create less heat, and have a relatively long lifespan. Common LED colors are red, green, and blue and are often expressed as RGB. LED technology is now the dominant lighting in film production. Currently, the output of LED lighting is bested at the high end by HMI fixtures, but that output gap has been closing as LED technology improved. LED lights can be modified within the fixture or the lamp head to be soft or hard. Further modification is also possible in a variety of ways to create different lighting characteristics.

The Raman effect is named after Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who discovered it in 1928 with assistance from his student K. S. Krishnan. Raman was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of Raman scattering. The effect had been predicted theoretically by Adolf Smekal in 1923.

Do you have access to a generator or studio circuits, or will you be relying on house power in an urban apartment? Will you trip a breaker if you use anything over 1500 Watts?

Daylight-only fixtures tend to have a higher output that, at times, can compete with the sun itself. Do you need that level of output or can you work with the added flexibility of bi-color lights that allow for a larger Kelvin range.

Light has a certain probability of being scattered by a material. When photons are scattered, most of them are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering), such that the scattered photons have the same energy (frequency, wavelength, and therefore color) as the incident photons, but different direction. Rayleigh scattering usually has an intensity in the range 0.1% to 0.01% relative to that of a radiation source. An even smaller fraction of the scattered photons (about 1 in a million) can be scattered inelastically, with the scattered photons having an energy different (usually lower) from those of the incident photons—these are Raman scattered photons.[1] Because of conservation of energy, the material either gains or loses energy in the process.

The inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923[3] and in older German-language literature it has been referred to as the Smekal-Raman-Effekt.[4] In 1922, Indian physicist C. V. Raman published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light", the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators that ultimately led to his discovery (on 16 February 1928) of the radiation effect that bears his name. The Raman effect was first reported by Raman and his coworker K. S. Krishnan,[5] and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in Moscow on 21 February 1928 (5 days after Raman and Krishnan). In the former Soviet Union, Raman's contribution was always disputed; thus in Russian scientific literature the effect is usually referred to as "combination scattering" or "combinatory scattering". Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light.[6]

In 1998 the Raman effect was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids.[7]

Is this a nighttime scene where you do not need to compete with ambient lighting and you’re using a light sensitive camera? Perhaps you don’t need a higher output fixture and you can work with a lower-output, cheaper fixture instead.

A lighting plot can be as simple as a 3-point interview setup (key, hair, and fill) or as complex as lighting a large multi-level soundstage to play as daylight with multiple triggered effects over DMX and a high powered HMI or multi-unit LED hard light acting as the sun. The most complex setups can involve literally hundreds of lights and many days of pre-lighting before a single second is put to film or memory card.

This adjective refers to the direction or source of a light fixture which is interpreted in a certain way by the audience. A sourcey light might refer to a hard fresnel light casting shadows through a window. That light would be considered “sourcey” as the viewer of the film might assume this artificial light fixture is the sun. If a light fixture is too sourcey, it might read as false if the audience is unclear what is emitting the light.

This is an important concept to consider when actor blocking contains movement. When an actor moves closer to a lighting fixture, the image will become brighter. To adjust for this, exposure changes may be necessary when setting up the lights on the camera.

Molecular vibrational energy is known to be quantized and can be modeled using the quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) approximation or a Dunham expansion when anharmonicity is important. The vibrational energy levels according to the QHO are

Beams of light are invisible to the eye (and to the camera) unless there is some sort of particulate in the air. Adding some sort of "atmosphere" into the scene - usually by using theatrical haze of fog - enables filmmakers to add color and texture into their film lighting setup. Various types of atmosphere can lower lighting contrast and can illustrate mood or dramatic moments.

Suppose that the distance between two points A and B of an exciting beam is x. Generally, as the exciting frequency is not equal to the scattered Raman frequency, the corresponding relative wavelengths λ and λ' are not equal. Thus, a phase-shift Θ = 2πx(1/λ − 1/λ') appears. For Θ = π, the scattered amplitudes are opposite, so that the Raman scattered beam remains weak.

We live in the golden age of lighting. More fixtures with more features at lower price points are giving filmmakers something they crave most: the option to choose the light that serves the story and fits the pace of the project.

Produces shadows for a more dramatic look. In a scene, the key light is often significantly brighter than the fill light. This is a common style in dramas and horror films.

“Lamp left & right” is a method for communicating direction instructions to a crew member moving a lighting fixture. Simply put, “lamp left” or “lamp right” is left or right from the perspective of the back of the lighting fixture. “Camera left” or “camera right” communicates direction from the perspective of the camera. Another popular command is “stand up” or “stand down”, which means lower or raise the stand the fixture is mounted on.

Modern Raman spectroscopy nearly always involves the use of lasers as an exciting light source. Because lasers were not available until more than three decades after the discovery of the effect, Raman and Krishnan used a mercury lamp and photographic plates to record spectra.[10] Early spectra took hours or even days to acquire due to weak light sources, poor sensitivity of the detectors and the weak Raman scattering cross-sections of most materials. The most common modern detectors are charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Photodiode arrays and photomultiplier tubes were common prior to the adoption of CCDs.[11]

The effect is exploited by chemists and physicists to gain information about materials for a variety of purposes by performing various forms of Raman spectroscopy. Many other variants of Raman spectroscopy allow rotational energy to be examined, if gas samples are used, and electronic energy levels may be examined if an X-ray source is used, in addition to other possibilities. More complex techniques involving pulsed lasers, multiple laser beams and so on are known.

In this context, output is how bright a lighting fixture is. Output is expressed in lumens, foot candles, or lux (each a unit of measuring light).

The first filmmakers used as their primary lighting source (or key light), the brightest star in our sky: the sun. Later on, arc lights and mercury vapor lights and then incandescent lights provided sources of directional artificial light for film production.

The technology of film lighting is in a constant, thrilling, and sometimes overwhelming state of change as artists and engineers push the boundaries of the medium. At first, film lighting might seem tricky to grasp, but take heart. The core principles of lighting have remained consistent over decades. Once you’ve understood those, you are well on your way. Let this article serve as a starting point as you take up the challenge of modern film lighting.

The elastic light scattering phenomena called Rayleigh scattering, in which light retains its energy, was described in the 19th century. The intensity of Rayleigh scattering is about 10−3 to 10−4 compared to the intensity of the exciting source.[2] In 1908, another form of elastic scattering, called Mie scattering was discovered.

Yes – Thanks to their low power consumption, their ease of use, and their low heat output, LED film lights have become the most popular illumination source on set. One thing to consider is that some LED lights may flicker on camera due to low-quality dimming systems – especially at higher frame-rates.

This is typically the best time to shoot, either right after sunrise or just before sunset. When the sun is near the horizon, it is shining through more particulates in the air, which creates a soft and warm-toned light that is flattering on most skin tones.

This is considered by most filmmakers to be the absolute worst time of day to shoot exterior scenes. If there’s no other option, modifiers like bounces, negative fill, and overhead diffusion must be employed to give the sunlight some directionality.

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Key light, fill light, and hair light/backlight are the three types of lights for filming. This three-point lighting configuration is the basic cinema lights setup used in most film shoots. Of the three – the key light is the most important lights for filming because it is the primary source of light in a scene.

For high-intensity continuous wave (CW) lasers, stimulated Raman scattering can be used to produce a broad bandwidth supercontinuum. This process can also be seen as a special case of four-wave mixing, in which the frequencies of the two incident photons are equal and the emitted spectra are found in two bands separated from the incident light by the phonon energies. The initial Raman spectrum is built up with spontaneous emission and is amplified later on. At high pumping levels in long fibers, higher-order Raman spectra can be generated by using the Raman spectrum as a new starting point, thereby building a chain of new spectra with decreasing amplitude. The disadvantage of intrinsic noise due to the initial spontaneous process can be overcome by seeding a spectrum at the beginning, or even using a feedback loop as in a resonator to stabilize the process. Since this technology easily fits into the fast evolving fiber laser field and there is demand for transversal coherent high-intensity light sources (i.e., broadband telecommunication, imaging applications), Raman amplification and spectrum generation might be widely used in the near-future.[citation needed]

An overhead light that features a cylindrical diffusion shroud for soft light output. These fixtures are usually used in large groups and are intended to light large areas.

A book light is often used to make harsh light softer. This is done by bouncing light off a reflective surface and then diffusing it before it reaches the subject.

Note that a high CRI or TLCI average (Television Lighting Consistency Index) can be an indicator of a quality light source capable of accurately emitting colors, but many factors must be taken into account when judging the quality and potential of a lighting instrument.

A large pattern, usually carved out of wood, that is placed at a distance from an artificial hard light source that can create similar gobo shadow effects, but needs additional grip rigging.

Does the light replicate colors well? Is the Kelvin setting on the light what is actually being emitted? Is the fixture reading as too green or too magenta? Does it have +/- magenta control allowing you to compensate for a green or magenta shift, or will you need to rely on physical color correcting gels?

Lighting modifiers are pieces of equipment that can alter or improve a lighting source. Modifiers are not only used for artificial lighting. They can also be used to bounce, soften, or flag (i.e. block) sources like the sun.

Raman lidar is used in atmospheric physics to measure the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the water vapour vertical distribution.

Often used to create everything from simple shadows to complex moving textured light that moves across actors and set pieces. Simple projections using gobos inside ellipsoidal fixtures (like the ETC Source 4) are an excellent way to add simple shadows or texture the light in a scene. A perfect example of this using a venetian blind gobo to create the recognizable noir lighting effect.

On the other hand, stimulated Raman scattering can take place when some Stokes photons have previously been generated by spontaneous Raman scattering (and somehow forced to remain in the material), or when deliberately injecting Stokes photons ("signal light") together with the original light ("pump light"). In that case, the total Raman-scattering rate is increased beyond that of spontaneous Raman scattering: pump photons are converted more rapidly into additional Stokes photons. The more Stokes photons that are already present, the faster more of them are added. Effectively, this amplifies the Stokes light in the presence of the pump light, which is exploited in Raman amplifiers and Raman lasers.

A soft or hard key light placed directly above a subject and angled down for a dramatic and sculpted effect on closeups. Do not confuse this with a butterfly frame that can hold diffusion to manage overhead light.

Monitoring the polarization of the scattered photons is useful for understanding the connections between molecular symmetry and Raman activity which may assist in assigning peaks in Raman spectra.[16] Light polarized in a single direction only gives access to some Raman–active modes, but rotating the polarization gives access to other modes. Each mode is separated according to its symmetry.[17]

Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the force constant and bond length for molecules that do not have an infrared absorption spectrum.

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Butterflies are diffusion panels that are mounted vertically to standard grip frames. Typical frame sizes are 6’ x 6’, 8’ x 8’, and 12'x12'. Overheads are much larger panels of diffusion that have been sewn together to cover a large area. Some overheads are big enough to cover the entire ceiling of a sound stage.

Using moving lights like the Rosco X-Effects LED Projector can add motion into your projections. This film lighting technique is excellent for creating spectacular lighting effects in a scene.

Do the lights and the modifiers needed to use that light fit through the door of your location? Is the fixture so heavy that it requires a larger crew than you may have initially considered?

A light source that casts a small ping of light in the eye of a subject. Usually created by mounting a small light close to the camera such as a Rosco DMG DASH Light with its DOT Round Diffuser accessory.

A strand or multiple strands of LED diodes arranged in any configuration and in any length. Mostly commonly used as environmental lighting or built into existing art elements. Like most LED instruments, the LED tape can be made of color diodes or single Kelvin temperature diodes.

Also known as “Cinefoil” or “Photofoil,” this useful matte black aluminum foil can be placed on a light (usually on the barn doors) to cut and shape the light. Available in 12”, 24”, 36”, or 48” wide rolls, It can also work as negative fill in some lighting setups.

A classical physics based model is able to account for Raman scattering and predicts an increase in the intensity which scales with the fourth-power of the light frequency. Light scattering by a molecule is associated with oscillations of an induced electric dipole. The oscillating electric field component of electromagnetic radiation may bring about an induced dipole in a molecule which follows the alternating electric field which is modulated by the molecular vibrations. Oscillations at the external field frequency are therefore observed along with beat frequencies resulting from the external field and normal mode vibrations.[10][2]

Of course we can’t leave price point out of the conversation. Does it make sense to purchase for long-term use or rent for a single production?

These modifiers are usually mounted overhead. They act to spread and soften a light source over a medium-sized area. They’re very useful for creating a flattering top light in scenes where ground mounted lighting fixtures are difficult to hide from the camera.

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Today, lighting types from LED to HMI, Tungsten, and Fluorescent are employed, with LED technology quickly becoming the dominant form of film lighting technology. The advancements in film lighting now include the extensive use of LED lights, known for their efficiency and versatility.

Remember the inverse square law when an actor moves through a beam of light parallel to the source. They might need to be lit for their line of dialogue and not lit for a dramatic exit. To allow for that moment, knowing where to place the lighting instrument is crucial.

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So get ready to dive into the vast world of film lighting as we learn more about how light enhances storytelling in the movies you know and love.

Any form of light not added to a scene by a cinematographer or gaffer. Ambient light may be natural light coming in through a window. It could also refer to the light naturally present on location. For example, a city street.

Theatrical haze is a long-lasting, semi-translucent effect that is perfect for catching light beams. Fog or smoke is often more opaque initially, but will eventually dissipate into a haze effect. While atmosphere is often created on set using theatrical haze and fog, smoke, morning mist or naturally occurring environmental dust can also create similar atmospheric effects in a scene.

Viewers might recognize a single set of shadows all moving in the same direction as being cast by the sun or a streetlight. Multiple shadows often read as false or as a mistake, and great care should be taken when placing instruments in a way that casts multiple shadows throughout a scene.

A common type of light characterized by a soft-edged beam of light, the Fresnel lens was originally developed by a French physicist for lighthouses. That lens was then integrated into film lights. It can be used as a floodlight or as a spotlight and certain brands allow for a variable Fresnel beam that can move between spot and flood, allowing for narrowing or widening beams of light.

A measurement of a light source's ability to render an object’s color accurately. Often compared to natural lighting sources. Most modern lighting instruments exhibit a CRI rating of over 90 out of a possible 100.

Heat-resistant materials that are placed between the light source and the subject to scatter the beam to change the look, feel, and character of a lighting source. They soften the light beam, usually at the cost of intensity. Diffusion materials include plastic gels that can be cut and affixed to the barn doors of a light or onto a grip frame, as well as fabric materials that can be sewn together, or viny materials that can be welded together, to form large diffusion panels.

A light that is visible in the scene being filmed (examples: a lamp, a candle, or a television monitor). Practical lights may be provided by the art department. In the case of lamps, it’s not unusual for a gaffer to swap a consumer bulb for a higher quality bulb.

Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide is a type of lighting fixture characterized by an impressive light output and large power draw. Developed in the late 1960s, the HMI fixture is still commonly used on film sets where daylight balanced high-output lighting fixtures are needed. HMI fixtures emit light by passing an electrical current between two electrodes within a bulb, thus exciting mercury vapor and metal halides in a pressurized environment. As of 2022, LED technology doesn’t produce the same output as HMI lights. HMI fixtures tend to create a hard and directional light source.

Using a Gobo to cast venetian blind shadows into the scene is just one example of how to use gobos in your film lighting setup.