Using neutral density filtersfor photography

At Kase, we offer ND filters of all common strengths! If you are looking for a neutral density filter to buy, be sure to check our catalogue of ND filters.

In bright conditions, using a wide aperture to achieve a shallow depth of field without overexposing the image can be challenging. ND filters solve this problem by blocking the extra light, allowing you to use wide apertures even in bright sunlight. With reduced light, you can create a blurred background and creamy bokeh effect.

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The Santa María, a small carrack captained by Christopher Columbus in 1492, had an LBR of 3.45. With high prows and poops, some small carracks had a nearly semicircular profile.Caravels, used on the European voyages of discovery during the following two centuries, had similar dimensions, but multidecked galleons were sleeker: TheGolden Hind, which Francis Drake used to circumnavigate Earth between 1577 and 1580, had an LBR of 5.1.

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It depends on your photography style and the variety of lighting conditions you typically shoot in. For beginners, two fixed ND filters may be enough to cover most scenarios. Remember that you can also stack them to obtain an even higher stop of light reduction. Variable ND filters can also be a versatile option, as they allow you to adjust the light reduction without needing multiple filters. However, for specialised photography, such as extremely long exposures, you might require a specific high-strength ND filter, like an ND1000.

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Neutral densityfilter chart

If all you have is a rough wickerwork over which you stretch thick animal skins, you get a man-size, circular or slightly oval coracle—a riverboat or lake boat that has been used since antiquity from Wales to Tibet. Such a craft has an LBR close to 1, so it's no vessel for crossing an ocean, but in 1974 an adventurer did paddle one across the English Channel.

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By reducing the light, ND filters help create effects like motion blur in waterfalls, silky smooth seas or dramatic skies. Simply saying, they give you greater control over your exposure settings and creative possibilities that wouldn't be achievable otherwise.

ND filters usually include the ND factor in their name, e.g. ND16, but some providers use the optical density instead, e.g. ND 1.2, for the same filter. To be sure you pick the right strength of the ND filter, double-check the number of stops in the specifications.

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For example, if you're taking a portrait outdoors on a sunny day, an ND filter lets you use a wide aperture to blur the background beautifully while keeping the exposure balanced.

For instance, if your original shutter speed is 1/30s and you're using a 6-stop ND64 filter, the new shutter speed will be approximately 2 seconds (1/30s × 64 = 2s).

But by that time wooden hulls were on the way out. In 1845 the SS Great Britain (designed byIsambard Kingdom Brunel, at that time the country's most famous engineer) was the first iron vessel to cross the Atlantic—it had an LBR of 6.4. Then inexpensive steel became available (thanks to Bessemer process converters), inducing Lloyd's of London to accept its use as an insurable material in 1877. In 1881, the Concord Line'sSS Servia, the first large trans-Atlantic steel-hulled liner, had an LBR of 9.9. Dimensions of future steel liners clustered close around that ratio: 9.6, for the RMS Titanic (launched in 1912); 9.3, for theSS United States (1951); and 8.9 for the SS France(1960, two years after theBoeing 707 began the rapid elimination of trans-Atlantic passenger ships).

The filter size you need corresponds to the diameter of your lens, usually indicated on the front or side of the lens barrel in millimetres (e.g., 58mm, 72mm). Match this number to the filter size when purchasing. If you have multiple lenses with different diameters, you can buy the largest size filter you need and use step-up rings to adapt it to smaller lenses. Read more about how to choose the right filter size.

Using neutral density filtersfor beginners

ND filters are an indispensable tool for managing light in photography and videography. These one-of-a-kind filters help you to shoot in difficult lighting conditions and create breathtaking shots with interesting effects. In this guide, we will cover how ND filters work, their usage, the different types available and share tips on how to choose the right ND filter for your needs.

Little changed over the following 250 years. Packet sailing ships, the mainstays of European emigration to the United States before the Civil War, had an LBR of less than 4. In 1851, Donald McKay crowned his career designing sleek clippers by launching the Flying Cloud, whose LBR of 5.4 had reached the practical limit of nonreinforced wood; beyond that ratio, the hulls would simply break.

A high LBR favors speed but restricts maneuverability as well as cargo hold and cabin design. These considerations, together with the properties of shipbuilders' materials, have limited the ratio of large vessels to single digits.

One of the primary challenges for photographers shooting in bright conditions is balancing the exposure between the sky and the ground. ND filters help to prevent overexposure by lowering the brightness of the entire screen and to preserve details in both highlights and shadows.

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How many stops ND filter for video

Huge container ships, today's most important commercial vessels, have relatively low LBRs in order to accommodate packed rows of standard steel container units. TheMSCGülsün (launched in 2019) the world's largest, with a capacity of 23,756 container units, is 1,312 feet (399.9 meters) long and 202 feet (61.5 meters) wide; hence its LBR is only 6.5. TheSymphony of the Seas (2018), the world's largest cruise ship, is only about 10 percent shorter, but its narrower beam gives it an LBR of 7.6.

For example, when shooting a landscape with a bright sky and a darker foreground, a graduated ND filter can darken the sky without affecting the foreground, resulting in a well-balanced photo.

ND filters are available in different strengths, measured in stops. Common strengths include ND2 (1 stop), ND4 (2 stops), ND8 (3 stops), and higher. The strength you need depends on the lighting conditions and the effect you're aiming for.

Neutral density filters, commonly known as ND filters, are pieces of glass or resin that reduce the amount of light entering your camera lens. These filters are painted in grey fully or partially, which allows them to block the incoming light by a specific number of stops while maintaining the original colours of the image. ND filters act like sunglasses for your camera, allowing you to use slower shutter speeds or wider apertures in bright light conditions without overexposing your photos.

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ND filter calculator

IMPORTANT NOTE: If you are shooting during sunrise or sunset, take into account that the lighting conditions change fast. Calculate 1 stop less for a sunrise and 1 stop more for a sunset when adjusting the shutter speed. Alternatively, you can adjust the aperture or ISO instead of prolonging the shutter speed even more, for example.

Building with wood allows for sleeker designs, but only up to a point. The LBR of ancient and medieval commercial wooden sailing ships increased slowly. Roman vessels transporting wheat from Egypt to Italy had an LBR of about 3; ratios of 3.4 to 4.5 were typical for Viking ships, whose lower freeboard—the distance between the waterline and the main deck of a ship—andmuch smaller carrying capacity made them even less comfortable

When to use an ND filter for video

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ND filters come in various forms, types and strengths and each of them suits different needs and preferences. Below you can see a breakdown of all the types of ND filters.

With the long exposure, you can achieve a motion blur effect, make the water silky in the photo or capture dramatic skies with moving clouds.

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Now, you will need to adjust the settings to compensate for the ND filter. To adjust the shutter speed, you can use an ND filter exposure table or calculate it manually the following formula to adjust your shutter speed:

ND filters are particularly popular among landscape photographers, however, they are quite versatile and can be used also for other types of photography. Here are some uses for ND filters:

Jump to: How do ND filters work? What to use ND filters for Types of ND filters How to use an ND filter How to choose an ND filter FAQ How do neutral density (ND) filters work? Neutral density filters, commonly known as ND filters, are pieces of glass or resin that reduce the amount of light entering your camera lens. These filters are painted in grey fully or partially, which allows them to block the incoming light by a specific number of stops while maintaining the original colours of the image. ND filters act like sunglasses for your camera, allowing you to use slower shutter speeds or wider apertures in bright light conditions without overexposing your photos. By reducing the light, ND filters help create effects like motion blur in waterfalls, silky smooth seas or dramatic skies. Simply saying, they give you greater control over your exposure settings and creative possibilities that wouldn't be achievable otherwise. Using ND filters: When and for what? ND filters are particularly popular among landscape photographers, however, they are quite versatile and can be used also for other types of photography. Here are some uses for ND filters: Long exposure photography Long-exposure photography requires using slow shutter speeds to capture motion. Using ND filters is essential for this technique, especially in bright daylight. By reducing the amount of light entering the lens, ND filters allow you to use longer shutter speeds without overexposing your image. Without an ND filter, these long exposures would be impossible in daylight as too much light would enter the lens, resulting in a completely white, overexposed photo. With the long exposure, you can achieve a motion blur effect, make the water silky in the photo or capture dramatic skies with moving clouds. Learn how to use ND filters for long exposures. Balancing exposures in bright conditions One of the primary challenges for photographers shooting in bright conditions is balancing the exposure between the sky and the ground. ND filters help to prevent overexposure by lowering the brightness of the entire screen and to preserve details in both highlights and shadows. For example, when shooting a landscape with a bright sky and a darker foreground, a graduated ND filter can darken the sky without affecting the foreground, resulting in a well-balanced photo. Read more about how to use ND filters for landscapes. Shallow depth of field In bright conditions, using a wide aperture to achieve a shallow depth of field without overexposing the image can be challenging. ND filters solve this problem by blocking the extra light, allowing you to use wide apertures even in bright sunlight. With reduced light, you can create a blurred background and creamy bokeh effect. For example, if you're taking a portrait outdoors on a sunny day, an ND filter lets you use a wide aperture to blur the background beautifully while keeping the exposure balanced. Read more about using ND filters for portrait photography. Different types of ND filters ND filters come in various forms, types and strengths and each of them suits different needs and preferences. Below you can see a breakdown of all the types of ND filters. ND filters by form and attachment Circular screw-in and magnetic ND filters: These filters screw directly onto the front of your lens or attach magnetically, which is even quicker and easier. They're convenient for everyday shooting and come in various sizes to fit different lenses. Square/rectangular ND filters: Square and rectangular filters are typically used with a filter holder system. They are less convenient to carry but can be easily combined with different lenses. This type of ND filters is favoured by professional landscape photographers for its versatility and the ability to stack multiple filters. Clip-in ND filters: Clip-in filters are designed for mirrorless cameras to be installed inside the camera body. Explore ND filters from Kase Screw-in ND Filters Magnetic circular ND Filters Rectangular ND filters Clip-in ND filters

Long-exposure photography requires using slow shutter speeds to capture motion. Using ND filters is essential for this technique, especially in bright daylight. By reducing the amount of light entering the lens, ND filters allow you to use longer shutter speeds without overexposing your image. Without an ND filter, these long exposures would be impossible in daylight as too much light would enter the lens, resulting in a completely white, overexposed photo.

THEY JUST KEEP GETTING BIGGER In each successive era, the biggest ships have gotten even bigger, but the length-to-beam ratio rose only up to a certain point. Narrower designs incur less resistance and are thus faster, but the requirements of seaworthiness and of cargo capacity have set limits on how far the slimming can go. John MacNeill

Vaclav Smil writes Numbers Don’t Lie, IEEE Spectrum's column devoted to the quantitative analysis of the material world. Smil does interdisciplinary research focused primarily on energy, technical innovation, environmental and population change, food and nutrition, and on historical aspects of these developments. He has published 40 books and nearly 500 papers on these topics. He is a distinguished professor emeritus at the University of Manitoba and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (Science Academy). In 2010 he was named by Foreign Policy as one of the top 100 global thinkers, in 2013 he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada, and in 2015 he received an OPEC Award for research on energy. He has also worked as a consultant for many U.S., EU and international institutions, has been an invited speaker in more than 400 conferences and workshops and has lectured at many universities in North America, Europe, and Asia (particularly in Japan).

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The length-to-beam ratio (LBR) of large oceangoing vessels offers an excellent example of such technological maturity. This ratio is simply the quotient of a ship's length and breadth, both measured at the waterline; you can think of it simply as the expression of a vessel's sleekness. A high LBR favors speed but restricts maneuverability as well as cargo hold and cabin design. These considerations, together with the properties of shipbuilders' materials, have limited the LBR ratio of large vessels to single digits.

Of course, there are much sleeker vessels around, but they are designed for speed, not to carry massive loads of goods or passengers. Each demi-hull of a catamaran has an LBR of about 10 to 12, and in a trimaran, whose center hull has no inherent stability (that feature is supplied by the outriggers), the LBR can exceed 17.