High reflectivity (HR) coatings for laser lines, broadband HR and partial reflecting (PR) coatings, laser harmonic separators, dichroic coatings and coatings for polarizing optics. Also, we deposit anti-reflection (AR), dual band and triple band AR for laser lines, broadband (BBAR) and metallic coatings. We use electron evaporation (e-beam), ion assistance deposition (IAD), thermal evaporation and advanced ion beam sputtered (IBS) technologies for deposition of coatings on optical and crystal elements.

One by-product of the historic domination of the REPM market has been the lack of knowledge sharing surrounding the supply chain from mine to magnet. A simple representation of the process is shown below. Because of the dominance of China over this supply chain, process information after the production of REE Concentrates is not widely understood outside China.

Rare earth elements (REE) are an element group on the periodic table that most people have never heard of, despite their use in many common products used on a daily basis. Constituting 30% of the market by volume and >90% by value, rare earth permanent magnets (REPMs) are so powerful they are the heart of modern efficient motors that drive electric vehicles, wind turbines and appliances, reducing power consumption and thereby reducing GHG emissions.

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High reflectivity (HR) coatings for laser lines, broadband HR and partial reflecting (PR) coatings, laser harmonic separators, dichroic coatings and coatings for polarizing optics. Also, we deposit anti-reflection (AR), dual band and triple band AR for laser lines, broadband (BBAR) and metallic coatings. We use electron evaporation (e-beam), ion assistance deposition (IAD), thermal evaporation and advanced ion beam sputtered (IBS) technologies for deposition of coatings on optical and crystal elements.

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Almost all Dysprosium oxides are produced out of China, while only Malaysia and Estonia offer alternatives to the dominant Chinese Neodymium oxide production.

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Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) is the strongest permanent magnet commercially available (energy product/m3). This energy product density is crucial for weight-sensitive applications such as electric motors. NdFeB alloys also contain minor concentrations of Pr, Dy, Tb to optimise physical properties for specific applications.

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The name “rare earths” is slightly misleading, as many REEs are in fact relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust. What is unusual is to find deposits in significant concentrations to economically extract and process.

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While all REE markets are dominated by China, Neodymium and Praseodymium are mined from alternative global sources such as Australia and the USA. Terbium and Dysprosium are sourced almost entirely from ionic clays in China and Myanmar. The Chinese dominance is even greater when considering refined production volumes for Neodymium and Dysprosium.

Large markets for REPMs include electric vehicles, wind turbine drives and household appliances. Demand for Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets, used in electric vehicles and wind turbines, will support prices for Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Terbium (Tb), and Dysprosium (Dy) in which Koppamurra is well endowed.

Praseodymium is a light rare earth elements that is used to produce high-strength permanent magnets and commonly referred to as neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets.

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Beam Calculator which draws the bending moment diagram (BMD), shear force diagram (SFD) and deflection for all beams.

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Anti reflectivecoating material

This is evident when focusing on the rare earths that are most relevant to AR3, primarily Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pm), Terbium (Tb) and Dysprosium (Dy).

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Essential to the production of clean energy technology, the already substantial market for rare earth elements is growing rapidly. AR3 aims to separate and market the valuable clay-hosted rare earth elements discovered in South Australia and western Victoria to help secure a diverse and sustainable global supply of materials critical to our future.

The unique strength, light weight and reliability of these magnets are the key to their application in hybrids, electric vehicles and wind turbines.

Terbium is added to Neodymium and Praseodymium to produce REPMs that retain their magnetic properties at elevated temperature.

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Not only does demand for these four elements collectively make up the majority of global demand today; future demand is expected to grow faster than demand for all other rare earth elements, challenging the ability of the supply-side to keep up. Accordingly, currently our main focus is the production of these rare earths in a form that is readily marketable those end users seeking new independent long-term supplies that can be integrated into complex supply chains.

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The unique strength, light weight and reliability of these magnets are the key to their application in hybrids, electric vehicles and wind turbines.

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Dysprosium is added to Neodymium and Praseodymium to produce REPMs that retain their magnetic properties at elevated temperature.

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Rare earth elements have many other high tech applications, including in defence, medicine, aerospace, agriculture, catalysis and chemical industries. In Japan they are often referred to as the seeds of high technology.

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Neodymium is a light rare earth elements that is used to produce high-strength permanent magnets and commonly referred to as neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets.

The importance of permanent magnets to the rare earths market is best highlighted by the dominance of end use value shown in this table.

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