Polarization

Ellipticalpolarization

To capture color photographs, the image sensor in a DSLR is typically covered by what’s a called a Bayer filter. This is a light filter that lays on top of the photosensor and, like a stained glass window in the ceiling of a room, only lets one color into each photosite. A Bayer filter, in particular, is a pretty simple design: it lets red light into a quarter of the photosites, blue into another quarter, and green into the remaining half, in a beautifully patterned array (see below). The photosites know which color they’re supposed to receive, so when light hits each one, the camera is able to calculate the levels of each color individually.

Just a little background on eclipses:  Lunar and solar eclipses are not uncommon – they each occur about twice a year when the moon is crossing the ecliptic, the path of the sun in the sky.

On April 8th, 2024, a total solar eclipse will sweep across North America, from Mexico to the Maine-Canadian border. For those who experienced the spectacular solar eclipse of 2017, this one will be similar, crossing the United States from west to east and passing through or near several major metropolitan areas. And while its path is quite different this time, Carbondale, Illinois, a reasonable destination for Chicago-area residents, will once again be on the line of totality.

polarization极化

Simple enough, right? But at this point, the photosites can’t distinguish one color of light from another. To a photosensor, light is light; a photon is a photon. Without any more information than this, all you’d get is black and white images.

Generally speaking, the size of the film affects the quality of your image – the bigger the film is, the more detail you can get. Old reel-to-reel movie cameras used 8mm film, a typical film SLR camera uses 35mm film, and IMAX cameras use 70mm film!

Electricpolarization

In Part II, I describe the features of a SLR camera that you can control, which will help you capture a beautiful photograph.

Circularly polarized light

Traditional cameras capture images on film, which is made of a plastic sheet covered with a layer of gelatin (the same stuff that’s in gummy bears). The gelatin contains light-sensitive crystals made of a chemical called silver halide (see diagram below). Silver halide is what it sounds like: an atom of silver bound to a halide.

While the mechanics of a SLR camera are fairly straightforward, this is where the similarities between film and digital SLR camera ends.

You may be asking, “if each photosite only collects either red, green, or blue, then how can a camera produce a photograph with more than just those colors?” Well, I know I said the camera measures the amount of light in each photosite individually, but to determine the true color of the light, it actually looks at multiple photosites at one time. Specifically, it analyzes a 2×2 square of photosites: it compares the relative levels of red, green, and blue among them, performs some calculations, and translates this information into the true color of the image. This 2×2 square forms a single pixel.

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Science Art exists on a continuum. At one end of the spectrum is scientific illustration. This is art in the service of science used to teach concepts or visualize big ideas. At the other end is art inspired by science: plenty of art flash but short on science....

polarization中文

But a large number of megapixels does not necessarily guarantee a high-quality image. Image quality also depends on how big the pixels are. The more megapixels a manufacturers tries to pack onto a photosensor, the smaller the individual photosites have to become so they can all fit. If the photosites are too small, they cannot capture enough light to produce a quality image.

May 1, 2024 — Learn about optical coherence tomography, or OCT, which is used during an eye examination to look at the back of the eye for any diseases.

The only time you can control the megapixel number and size of your image sensor is when you buy your camera or phone. Once you choose a camera to purchase, you’ve decided how much your camera can help you produce a quality image. But there are a lot more factors that go into taking a good photograph, beyond the capabilities of you camera. The rest is up to you.

Black and white film contains one layer of silver halide crystals: when light hits the crystals it causes the silver and the halide to break apart, leaving behind metallic silver. The metallic silver makes the film turn dark when it’s developed. Color film contains multiple layers of silver halide, and each layer is sensitive to a different color of light.

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A color filter blocks passage of some portion of the visible output from any light source or light reflector by absorbing and transmitting selectively. For ...

Circularpolarization

All SLRs capture images the same way, whether the image emblazons itself on film or encodes itself on a memory card. As I explain the anatomy of a camera, use the diagram below as your guide:

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It all starts with the lens (1). When light enters the lens, it passes through and hits a mirror (2) that’s sitting across the way at a 45 degree angle. The mirror directs the light upwards towards a compartment called a pentaprism (7), where it bounces around a bit until it finds its way to the viewfinder in your camera (8) – letting you see what the lens is pointing at. (Why a pentaprism and not another mirror? The mirror would deliver an upside down image to your viewfinder, while a pentaprism keeps it upright.)

When you’re ready to snap a picture and hit the button, the mirror swings upward and blocks light from entering the viewfinder, while at the same time, opening up a tunnel that allows light to pass straight through the lens, through the now-open shutter (3), and onto the capture medium (4), whether it’s film (in a traditional camera) or photosensor (in a digital camera). It’s a very simple setup of light and mirrors.

When point-and-shoot digital cameras first came out, digital camera manufacturers boasted about the number of megapixels their cameras contained, because the number of megapixels determines the resolution of the resulting photograph. Indeed, with more megapixels, a photographer can collect more information from the light it captures and print up larger photographs without worrying that they’ll see a “pixelated” image.

That’s okay. I started out that way too. A camera’s mechanics are rather complex, and the way they translate all of those odd sounds and numbers into pictures involve some pretty hefty engineering. In this two-part series, I’ll try to take the mystery out of cameras and explain how they work, from lens to film and photosensor. Follow me as I travel through a single lens reflex (SLR) camera, the kind of camera used by most professional photographers today.

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Ben Marcus is a public relations specialist at CG Life and a co-editor-in-chief of Science Unsealed. He received his Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Chicago.

Energy is one of the most important resources for humanity in the 21st century, and electricity is the most common form of energy.[1] The primary sources of electricity generation in the US include, but are not limited to, natural gas, nuclear fission, solar and wind....

Aug 24, 2023 — Light hitting a mirror is reflected at the same angle as the incoming beam, but on the opposite side of the normal line. Only when the beam is ...

The phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves, such as light waves, vibrate in a preferred plane or planes; or the process of confining the vibrations to certain planes. In unpolarized light the vibrations are equally distributed in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. If all the vibrations are confined to one plane, the light is said to be plane-polarized (or linearly polarized). If the light in one plane is out of phase with the light in the plane at right angles to it (i.e. if the peaks and troughs of the waves are not in step), then the light is said to be circularly polarized. If all these phenomena occur together, the light is said to be elliptically polarized. Plane polarization is usually caused by scattering, and circular polarization by strong magnetic fields. Circularly and elliptically polarized light can also be produced by a wave plate. See also stokes parameters.

Like traditional film, a digital SLR’s photosensor, also known as an image sensor, is sensitive to light. But instead of using silver halide crystals to capture light, it uses a field of thousands of microscopic cavities called photosites. Each photosite is like a cubicle at an office, where data is analyzed and interpreted. When you open the camera shutter to expose the photosites to light, each one collects photons (light particles). When the shutter closes, the photosites get covered up, which gives each site a chance to analyze the light it took in. The amount of light particles the photosite takes in translates into the size of the electrical signal it sends into the camera, and ultimately, the brightness of each spot on the final image.

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Everyone has a digital camera on their phone these days, but you, the aspiring photographer, might be thinking it’s time to summon the courage and upgrade to a higher-end camera. But if you browse the cameras on Amazon, you might notice that with higher quality comes more and more specs – odd strings of letters and numbers that make no sense to you. “What in all heck do ISO, megapixels, and f-stop mean?” you ask. Then, you head to a store to try one out. You gravitate towards one that’s within your price range, you pick it up, and you snap a picture. But as you press down on the shutter button, you hear a series of clicks and whirs. “I thought this thing was digital! What are all of those sounds?” you continue wondering. Then, you suddenly realize you know a lot less about how cameras work than you thought.

With July of this year, 2023, being the hottest on Earth yet recorded, there are increasing concerns about how climate change will shape the next several decades. We often hear about how climate change will increase disastrous weather events, decimate crops, and...

Politicalpolarization

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The iPhone X and the Canon Rebel T3 DSLR camera, for instance, both contain 12 megapixels, but they produce images of vastly different quality. Why? The photosensors in an iPhone are only about 6×5 mm in area; meanwhile, the Canon Rebel’s sensor is about 22×15 mm in area, over 10 times as big (see the diagram on the right). For the same amount of photosites to fit on each sensor, those on the iPhone sensor have to be 10 times smaller than their counterparts in the Canon camera. This means the iPhone sensor captures 10 times less light. It’s only with a large photosensor, which leaves room for larger photosites, that a camera can make good use of the megapixels it contains.