Interference is the phenomena of two waves meeting and adding together to form a resulting wave that is the sum of the heights of each wave where they meet. .  When two waves interfere to create a larger peak, it is referred to as constructive interference.  When waves interfere to cancel each other out or create a resulting wave with a decrease in height, it is referred to as destructive interference.  The lower graphic shows the resulting waveform for two waves in phase and out of phase.  The in-phase waves are interfering constructively while the out-of-phase waves are interfering destructively.

Reflection, refractiondiffraction

Fresneldiffraction

The colors in the soap bubble are due to the interference of light reflecting off the front and back surfaces of the soap film.  Different wavelengths of light (colors) interfere constructively and destructively due to the varying thickness of the bubble.  This effect produces the rainbow of colors.  Photo by Mila Zinkova

Some people have a medical reason to drink large amounts of water, such as kidney stones or kidney disease, or low blood pressure. In other people with a painful bladder, the production of a more concentrated urine may be irritating to the bladder. In these patients, drinking more water can help incontinence due to decrease in the frequency of voiding and the amount of leakage.

Single slitdiffraction

Fraunhoferdiffraction

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This is the shadow of a steel ball on a post, illuminated by a green laser.  The fringes are due to constructive and destructive interference from the edges of the objects.  The bright dot in the center proves the wavelike nature of light.

The phenomena of diffraction occurs for all waves.  Diffraction describes the event of waves encountering an obstacle and the consequential bending around the object.  Additionally, waves may interfere both constructively and destructively resulting in different wave patterns. The most common example of diffraction occurs with water waves which bend around a fixed object.  Light bends similarly around the edge of an object.  The animation shows wave fronts passing through two small openings.  They visibly change direction, or diffract, as they pass through the opening.

Diffractiongrating

In most people, with normal kidney function, drinking too much water can irritate your bladder increasing the risk of urine leakage. As fluid intake increases, the amount of urine made will increase along with it. Because the bladder can only hold so much fluid volume, increasing water intake will increase the frequency of urination, and may make people with an overactive bladder more likely to leak. If you have overactive bladder (OAB), more fluid intake typically equals more trips to the bathroom. If those fluids are carbonated, they may aggravate your symptoms even more.

Drinking water is important for your overall health. Overall, each person’s fluid intake is dependent on several factors unique to them. As you drink water the kidneys will use it to make urine and help to rid the body of unneeded electrolytes and waste products. Many people have heard that they should drink 8 glasses of water per day. However, for most people this is more than enough fluid, and drinking too much water can irritate your bladder leading to more incontinence. If you have no medical reason to take in high volumes of fluid, it is fine to drink as much water as you are thirsty for.

diffraction翻译

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Waves in phase on the left produce the upper wave when added together.  Waves out of phase on the right  completely cancel out when added together.  Image from Wikipedia

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Keep in mind that too little fluid intake also isn’t ideal. If you drink too little, your urine may become concentrated and acidic, heightening bowel irritation. It is important to work with your doctor to find the amount of water right for you.