Firstly, it should be remembered that: NA = n(sinα) where n is the refractive index of the imaging medium and α is half of the angular aperture of the objective. The maximum angular aperture of an objective is around 144º. The sine of half of this angle is 0.95. If using an immersion objective with oil which has a refractive index of 1.52, the maximum NA of the objective will be 1.45. If using a ‘dry’ (non-immersion) objective the maximum NA of the objective will be 0.95 (as air has a refractive index of 1.0).

The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

In order to increase the resolution, d = λ/(2NA), the specimen must be viewed using either a shorter wavelength (λ) of light or through an imaging medium with a relatively high refractive index or with optical components which have a high NA (or, indeed, a combination of all of these factors).

WHYY offers a voice to those not heard, a platform to share everyone’s stories, a foundation to empower early and lifelong learners and a trusted space for unbiased news. Learn more about Social Responsibility at WHYY. It’s how we live.

She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

3-stop Neutral Density from $69.99, HD MKII IRND 64 (6-stop) Neutral Density from $69.99, HD MKII IRND 1000 (10-stop) Neutral Density from $69.99.

Using the theory of Airy discs, if the diffraction patterns from two single Airy discs do not overlap, then they are easily distinguishable, ‘well resolved’ and are said to meet the Rayleigh criterion. When the center of one Airy disc is directly overlapped by the first minimum of the diffraction pattern of another, they can be considered to be ‘just resolved’ and still distinguishable as two separate points of light (Figure 2, mid). If the Airy discs are closer than this, then they do not meet the Rayleigh criterion and are ‘not resolved’ as two distinct points of light.

- Energy efficient, lightweight, easy to store in your pocket or purse. - This laser pointer can be used for presentations, teaching indicators, children's ...

In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

As already mentioned, the FWHM can be measured directly from the PSF or calculated using: RFWHM = 0.51λ/(NA). Again using a light wavelength of 514 nm and an objective with an NA of 1.45, then theoretical resolution will be 181 nm. This value is very close to the lateral resolution calculated just above from the Abbe diffraction limit.

WHYY provides trustworthy, fact-based, local news and information and world-class entertainment to everyone in our community.

There are 3 mathematical concepts which need to be taken into consideration when dealing with resolution: Abbe’s diffraction limit, Airy discs, and the Rayleigh criterion. Each of these are covered below in chronological order.

An Airy disc is the optimally focused point of light which can be determined by a circular aperture in a perfectly aligned system limited by diffraction. Viewed from above (Figure 1), this appears as a bright point of light around which are concentric rings or ripples (more correctly known as an Airy Pattern).

If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

With a name inspired by the First Amendment, 1A explores important issues such as policy, politics, technology, and what connects us across the fissures that divide the country. The program also delves into pop culture, sports, and humor. 1A's goal is to act as a national mirror-taking time to help America look at itself and to ask what it wants to be.

“I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The diffraction pattern is determined by the wavelength of light and the size of the aperture through which the light passes. The central point of the Airy disc contains approximately 84% of the luminous intensity with the remaining 16% in the diffraction pattern around this point. There are of course many points of light in a specimen as viewed with a microscope, and it is more appropriate to think in terms of numerous Airy patterns as opposed to a single point of light as described by the term ‘Airy disc’.

Diffractionlimitastronomy

The numerical aperture (NA) is related to the refractive index (n) of a medium through which light passes as well as the angular aperture (α) of a given objective (NA = n sinα). The resolution of an optical microscope is not solely dependent on the NA of an objective, but the NA of the whole system, taking into account the NA of the microscope condenser. More image detail will be resolved in a microscope system in which all of the optical components are correctly aligned, have a relatively high NA value and are working harmoniously with each other. Resolution is also related to the wavelength of light which is used to image a specimen; light of shorter wavelengths are capable of resolving greater detail than longer wavelengths.

As stated above, the shorter the wavelength of light used to image a specimen, then the more the fine details are resolved. So, if using the shortest wavelength of visible light, 400 nm, with an oil-immersion objective having an NA of 1.45 and a condenser with an NA of 0.95, then R would equal 203 nm.

Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The three-dimensional (3D) representation of the Airy pattern, as illustrated in the right half of Figure 1, is also known as the ‘point-spread function’ (PSF) of an optical instrument which has no appreciable aberration.

Rental cost. first day: 30$ Additional day: 23$/day. Week (5 to 7 days): 90$. Description. Description. MSE Medium Overhead and head flash not included.

These theoretical resolution values, derived from physical and mathematical assumptions, are estimates. They assume perfect imaging systems and a point light source in a vacuum or a completely homogeneous material as the sample or specimen. Of course, this assumption is almost never the case in real life, as many samples or specimens are heterogeneous. Because there is only a finite amount of light transmitting through the sample or reflecting from its surface, the measurable resolution depends significantly on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Abbe’s diffraction formula for axial (Z) resolution is:  d = 2λ/(NA)2 and again, if we assume a wavelength of 514 nm to observe a specimen with an objective having an NA value of 1.45, then the axial resolution will be 488 nm.

The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Diffractionlimitformula

If using a green light of 514 nm, an oil-immersion objective with an NA of 1.45, condenser with an NA of 0.95, then the (theoretical) limit of resolution will be 261 nm.

She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Diffractionlimitspot size

“We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

To achieve the maximum theoretical resolution of a microscope system, each of the optical components should be of the highest NA available (taking into consideration the angular aperture). In addition, using a shorter wavelength of light to view the specimen will increase the resolution. Finally, the whole microscope system should be correctly aligned.

Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light is known as polarization. There are a variety of methods of polarizing light. The four ...

Diffractionlimittelescope

“I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Sep 12, 2011 — The aperture diaphragm (also called an iris diaphragm) controls contrast, and is found in the condenser, which sits right below the stage in ...

In microscopy, the term “resolution” is used to describe the ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen or sample. In other words, the minimum distance between 2 distinct points of a specimen where they can still be seen by the observer or microscope camera as separate entities. Resolution is intrinsically linked to the numerical aperture (NA) of a microscope’s optical components, like the objective lens, as well as the wavelength of light used. This article covers some of the history behind resolution concepts and explains each one using relatively simple terminology.

Two teams battle it out to advance to the next round of the 10th Annual John Marzano Half Ball Tournament. (Ximena Conde/WHYY)

The Rayleigh Criterion is a slightly refined formula based on Abbe’s diffraction limits:  R = 1.22λ/(NAobj + NAcond) where λ is the wavelength of light used to image a specimen. NAobj is the NA of the objective. NAcond is the NA of the condenser. The value ‘1.22’ is a constant. This is derived from Rayleigh’s work on Bessel Functions. These are used for calculating problems in systems such as wave propagation.

Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

WHYY provides trustworthy, fact-based, local news and information and world-class entertainment to everyone in our community. WHYY offers a voice to those not heard, a platform to share everyone’s stories, a foundation to empower early and lifelong learners and a trusted space for unbiased news. Learn more about Social Responsibility at WHYY. It’s how we live.

WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Abbe diffractionlimitderivation

Sep 20, 2022 — This 50cm/pixel imagery taken on September 20th, 2022 shows what appear to be satellite calibration targets under construction about 19km ...

Jan 14, 2024 — FOV. The field of view observes your optical device that captures the scene's width. In FOV, your action camera covers the maximum area by ...

Trans woman/transgender woman/male-to-female (MTF) · Mental Health Conditions | Knowledge Center · Share · Address & Contact · Helpful Links · Utility Navigation.

Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Your lens acts as a prism, causing chromatic aberration. The prism bends light such that colors flowing through the lens are split at various angles. It is ...

John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842-1919) was an English physicist and a prolific author. During his lifetime, he wrote an astonishing 466 publications including 430 scientific papers. He wrote on a huge range of topics as diverse as bird flight, psychical research, acoustics and in 1895, he discovered argon (Ar) for which he was later awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1904.

Diffractionlimitresolution

“So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Rayleigh built upon and expanded the work of George Airy and invented the theory of the ‘Rayleigh criterion’ in 1896 [3]. The Rayleigh criterion defines the limit of resolution in a diffraction-limited system, in other words, when two points of light are distinguishable or resolved from each other.

Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Marzano was a major league catcher who died after a fall in 2008. Before he played for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, and Seattle Mariners, Marzano grew up in South Philly playing half-ball. Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Filter, find, and compare Nikon microscope objective lenses with Nikon's Objective Selector tool.

“I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Not all products or services are approved or offered in every market, and approved labelling and instructions may vary between countries. Please contact your local representative for further information.

Ernst Karl Abbe (1840-1905) was a German mathematician and physicist. In 1866 he met Carl Zeiss and together they founded what was known as the ‘Zeiss Optical Works’, now known as Zeiss. In addition, he also co-founded Schott Glassworks in 1884. Abbe was also the first person to define the term numerical aperture. In 1873, Abbe published his theory and formula which explained the diffraction limits of the microscope [2]. Abbe recognized that specimen images are composed of a multitude of overlapping, multi-intensity, diffraction-limited points (or Airy discs).

Diffractionlimitof microscope

Also in the year 1835, he published a paper in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society entitled ‘On the Diffraction of an Object-Glass with Circular Aperture’ [1]. Airy wrote this paper very much from the view of an astronomer and in it he describes “the form and brightness of the rings or rays surrounding the image of a star as seen in a good telescope”. Despite writing in a different scientific field, these observations are relevant to other optical systems including microscopes.

The game of half-ball has a local history spanning about 70 years that calls for a broomstick, a three-story building, and half of a squishy ball.

However, even taking all of these factors into consideration, the possibilities with a real microscope are still somewhat limited due to the complexity of the whole system, transmission characteristics of glass at wavelengths below 400 nm, and the challenge to achieve a high NA in the complete microscope system. Lateral resolution in an ideal optical microscope is limited to around 200 nm, whereas axial resolution is around 500 nm (examples of resolution limits are given below).

George Biddell Airy (1801-1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer. By the 1826 (aged 25) he was appointed professor of mathematics at Trinity College and two years later, he was appointed professor of astronomy at the new Cambridge Observatory. From 1835 to 1881 he was the ‘Astronomer Royal’ and even has a lunar and Martian crater named in his honor.

Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Split into teams of five people, these men comprised the 10th annual John Marzano Half-Ball Tournament, hosted at the Christopher Columbus Charter School parking lot. Marzano was a major league catcher who died after a fall in 2008. Before he played for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, and Seattle Mariners, Marzano grew up in South Philly playing half-ball. Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Abbe’s diffraction formula for lateral (XY) resolution is:  d = λ/(2NA) where λ is the wavelength of light used to image a specimen. If using a green light of 514 nm and an oil-immersion objective with an NA of 1.45, then the (theoretical) limit of resolution will be 177 nm.

A more practical approach for resolution is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) intensity of an optically unresolved structure [4,5]. This value is relatively easy to measure with a microscope and has become a generally accepted parameter for comparison purposes. The theoretical value for the FWHM is RFWHM = 0.51λ/(NA) which is approximately λ/(2NA). So the FWHM as a resolution parameter is very close to Abbe’s diffraction limit, but also can be measured from microscope image data. For calibration or resolution-limit measurements, often beads or colloids of various diameters are imaged and measured.

Smack in the middle of the annual Italian Market Festival in South Philadelphia Saturday, some 30 men gathered to play half-ball — a game with a local history spanning about 70 years that calls for a broomstick, a three-story building, and half of a squishy ball. Split into teams of five people, these men comprised the 10th annual John Marzano Half-Ball Tournament, hosted at the Christopher Columbus Charter School parking lot. Marzano was a major league catcher who died after a fall in 2008. Before he played for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, and Seattle Mariners, Marzano grew up in South Philly playing half-ball. Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Diffractionlimitcalculator

WHYY is your source for fact-based, in-depth journalism and information. As a nonprofit organization, we rely on financial support from readers like you. Please give today.

The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Taking all of the above theories into consideration, it is clear that there are a number of factors to consider when calculating the theoretical limits of resolution. Resolution is also dependent on the nature of the sample. Let’s look at calculating resolution using the Abbe diffraction limit, Rayleigh Criterion, and also FWHM.

Taking the NA of the condenser into consideration, air (with a refractive index of 1.0) is generally the imaging medium between the condenser and the slide. Assuming the condenser has an angular aperture of 144º then the NAcond value will equal 0.95.