These wrenches are made to access narrower areas that bigger or larger wrenches might struggle with. Open-end wrenches are made with openings of different measurements to fit the desired bolts or nuts. These tools have U-shaped openings at both ends that deliver a tight grip on items.

Torque wrenches are used for tasks that involve specific tightness of bolts or screws. These wrenches are important instruments in many workshops, particularly when working with delicate parts. Despite this, torque wrenches are not a replacement for hex wrenches.

The folding hex key has arm keys that fold inside a storage compartment. These folding hex handles are either plastic or metal, depending on personal choice or the task at hand.

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The open end can tighten and loosen nuts and bolts inside small areas, but the box end delivers a tight grip on the fasteners. You can find combination Allen wrenches in bicycle repair shops.

These interesting tools are either in the form of a T handle or a folding handle, delivering lots of movement as a result. These often have screwdriver components that are attached to the handle with a magnetic holder.

Germaniumglass properties

In fact, at an eye-popping Knoop Hardness of 2000kg/mm2, one might wonder, why wouldn’t I just use sapphire windows instead of germanium? While sapphire is the undisputed champion of robust optics in the UV/VIS and mid-IR with a wavelength range that dips into the far UV range at 150nm, it can only be used up to 4.5µm. This leaves germanium as the best and only choice for brutally tough IR applications. This is typically why you will see germanium windows and lenses serving in places as inhospitable as outer space, battlefields and in the middle of high-powered CO2 laser systems. More on this later.

T-handle Allen wrenches let you spin the tool quickly and easily, delivering support when for standard tasks. T-handle hex keys are some of the most used wrenches used for bike mechanic tasks, as well as within the motorsport field.

Eyepiece definition: In a telescope, microscope, or other optical instrument, the lens or lenses nearest the viewer's eye.

Frequently, DLC coatings are often paired with Broadband AR Coatings (BBAR) to not only up the mechanical performance but also the transmission properties. Typically, a window is coated on one side with DLC and the other side with BBAR (typically in the 7-14μm range to boost both of these properties in tandem. This combination can increase the transmission to well over 85% in the target wavelength range. Optical windows treated in this manner will pass a variety of tests including MIL-C-675-C, MIL-STD-810 and APCM-01071.00001 and can survive salt water, humidity, high and low temperatures and hard smacks.

An uncoated germanium window is a decent IR generalist but specific optical coatings can really kick things up a notch. Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) coatings can make this already hard material even more resistance to severe abrasions, environmental damage, mechanical strikes, thermal shock and whole other host of adversities.

Germaniumtransmission

Since germanium windows have a high index of refraction of approximately 4.0 in the range of 2-16μm, transmission with minimal refraction is guaranteed but without any additional coatings only around 50% of the beam is able to pass through. Those are rookie numbers and in most applications we’ll need to boost our window signals via various coatings. While this may be a disadvantage for optical windows this property comes in handy for novel lens designs and ATR optics where refraction is desired.

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Now for some fun stuff. We hear from plenty of our customers where their germanium windows are seeing action. Here are some highlights:

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FTIRwindows

The wrenches are great for tightening or loosening screws or angled nuts. They can also be used for plumbing, self-assembly, car repair, and electric tasks.

Germanium (Ge) is a shiny, hard element with a Knoop Hardness of 780kg/mm2 making it, along with its far stronger sister sapphire, the default candidate for applications where the environment is likely to put a beating on the material. For a full breakdown of how to wade through all of the major optical window choices check our optical window guide.

One of the more common applications we see at Firebird Optics for germanium windows is in low power CO2 laser systems. With a Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of 10 J/cm2, germanium windows are not suited for high power or continuous wave (CW) lasers. Part of the reason for this is higher powered lasers cause temperature increases, dramatically dropping transmission properties over 100ºC and eventually damaging the substrate itself once temperatures near 600ºC are reached.

Folding keys are usually used to deliver powerful torque, as they fold at right angles against the storage compartment handle.

On the other hand, an AR-coated germanium will feel right at home in a low power pulsed laser setup. One particularly noteworthy application is in quantum cascade lasers (QC), which is used in high-end materials science. Quantum cascades are used by such institutions as the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching to produce ribbons and strip structures as well as to produce new materials for use in medical applications. Pretty cool stuff!

We’ll cover more about Allen wrenches in this article, including what they are, the available different types of Allen wrenches, and their pros and cons. If you want to learn more about the Allen wrench and its uses, keep reading!

Germanium windowscost

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High refractive index enables excellent performance for lenses, ATR optics or beamsplitters. For optical windows, AR coatings can be added to boost performance.

There are two kinds of L-shaped Allen keys – short arm Allen keys and long arm Allen keys. L-style Allen wrenches are a good choice for those searching for a wrench set. The 1.5-10 millimeter option is a good all-rounder that suits a lot of tasks.

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Germanium Windows11

As you’d imagine, since germanium tags along with warfighters, it needs to be durable in all adverse conditions from desert, sea, high altitude, etc. The DLC coatings can take a serious beating with temperatures ranging from -80ºF to 160ºF, 24 hours of continuous sea spray, ocean immersion for over 24 hours and being immersed in a sandstorm. Additionally, the coatings can withstand heavy mechanical damage and chemical attacks.

P-handle tools are an updated form of L-style wrenches. These have a grip where the wrench bends which makes it sit comfortably in the hand. These Allen wrenches are often seen in expert workshops.

Germanium holds the high ground when it comes to transmission range getting that additional coverage from 7-16µm, which silicon lacks. On top of this, germanium has higher electrical conductivity making it a more suitable candidate as an optical component in laser systems.

Germanium makes a good electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material and can shield IR systems on planes from other nearby signals that would render the system ineffective. This effectively creates an IR Faraday cage or as we like to refer to it, an aerospace tin foil hat. Typical resistance for EMI-grade germanium is approximately 4 Ohm per cm but this depends on the required level of spurious signal suppression. A germanium window made to these specs can effectively short out any errant signals and keep the IR system running well.

Allen wrenches (also known as an Allen key or hex key) are devices used for driving screws and bolts with inner hexagon-shaped sockets. The wrenches tend to be made from strong steel rods that are also hexagonal-shaped.

You definitely don’t want to breathe in germanium dust so care must be taken while handling these optics. Using gloves whenever possible and washing hands should be part of any standard operating procedure.

These Allen wrenches are often used to deliver particular torque to fasteners, like lag screws, bolts, and nuts. They are like socket wrenches that have interesting mechanisms inside.

We’ve already explored why you would pick germanium over sapphire but why would you pick germanium over silicon or vice versa?

They come in several different types that have different benefits depending on which one you choose, like the adjustable, socket, and combination style wrenches.

One common application for germanium is in night vision goggles. For these types of applications, both the inside and outside surfaces of the germanium is polished to a mirror finish and coated with multi-layered thin film filters to reduce any reflection of IR light. This enables optimal IR transmission essential to night vision/thermal imaging. As these windows will have excellent sensitivity at long range, this enables warfighters to retain long stand-off distances increasing safety and mission-effectiveness. Germanium is a literal life-saver.

Ball hexes are used to turn screws and bolts with hexagon-shaped socket heads. These have ball-shaped heads with tighter sides, making it simpler to slide keys into the desired slot.

Allen screwdrivers are used for tasks that require less torque and tight clearance. These resemble standard screwdrivers, the difference being that they have Torx or hex-shaped ends.

Allen wrenches resemble hexagon-shaped keys and look like L-shaped devices. They have a multitude of uses. Including fastening screws into metal, plastic, and wood. Allen wrenches are very easy to use and beginner-friendly.

They have blunt edges that fit into screw sockets of the same size. These steel rods are bent at a right angle so that either side has differing lengths, resembling the letter ‘L’.

Crowfoot can be used for many fittings, like power steering, a few abs modulators, power steering, clutches, and brakes.

The user would hold the wrench by the longer end, generating more torque at the end of the shorter side. The tools are made with the socket’s size in mind and produced with particularly firm tolerances. The wrenches are usually used to fix hex screws to metal, wood, and plastic.

The ball ends also let the user reach an offset 30-degree angle, letting them get to the required position quickly and efficiently. Ball hex tools are perfect for reaching tight areas that L-shaped wrenches cannot handle.

get wrecked! damage done to germanium windows by high power lasers. source: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/10/3578/htm

One very common scenario we see germanium utilized is inside high and low speed wind tunnels for jet propulsion studies. Typically, these windows are much larger than stock configurations reaching sizes in excess of 190-200mm.

This holder encases the entire tool. Ratcheting hex wrenches are ideal for electric drill drivers, which makes them great for managing rotor bolt tasks.

Allen wrenches come in inch-based sizes and metric sizes. Here is a breakdown of the metric size and inch size of wrenches that match each other.

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The handles usually have a hexagonal-shaped cross section that goes down the full length of the wrench. Allen screwdriver sets are ideal for cooperating with disc brakes and certain levers. The most popular size of Allen screwdrivers are ones measuring 1.5 millimeters to 5 millimeters.

These tools are like open-end or box-end wrenches, except crowfoot wrenches, don’t have handles. They also have openings along the wrench’s rear face. These tools can slide into the side of nuts and bolts, and are particularly useful in tighter areas.

Allen wrenches are common tools used to turn screws and bolts. They have a beginner-friendly design and are relatively affordable to purchase.

Combination Allen wrenches are double-ended tools. One end has a box end, while the other end is open. Box-end Allen wrenches have closing rings in different diameters, depending on their size. Combination Allen wrenches are multi-purpose instruments.

Firebird Optics manufactures these types of windows in various geometries, coatings and can also produce lenses, prisms and various other optical components from germanium. Now back to your regularly scheduled programming…

One cautionary detail to note is that your germanium window will not appreciate being exposed to high temperatures. In fact, there is an inverse relationship to temperature and transmission when it comes to this material. As your temperature goes up, the transmission properties will drop precipitously, a property known as thermal runaway. Anything over 100ºC is not recommended. By the time it reaches 200ºC it is nearly opaque at all wavelengths. If you need a high temperature window, you’re better suited to stick with a material like MgF2, YAG or our old friend sapphire.

The main benefit of this is that the keys will fold inwards at 180 degrees. This makes it easier for the user to reach fasteners that are difficult to access, allowing them to replace fasteners and screws quickly. A folding hex wrench is a popular choice for cyclists and motorbike riders.

If high transmission is the only consideration, you’d be best served to double coat your windows with BBAR over particular wavelength ranges and you can see transmissions all the way up to 99%. Now we’re talking!

Thorlabsgermaniumwindow

Germanium Windows12

As they deliver impressive speed and efficiency, they are ideal for many tasks and angles. You might hear some refer to socket wrenches as ratchet wrenches.

Germaniumlens

Alternatively, you can use liquid CO2 from a specialized nozzle for cleaning though this requires additional cost in terms of equipment. While you will get a better, more controlled cleaning and can be used for stubborn stains, care must be taken to work in a controlled moisture-free environment and we do not recommend this for typical end-users.

You’ll often see them included with flat-pack furniture that requires self-assembly. Allen keys come in several types which all have different uses.

These Allen wrenches have a hollow cylindrical form that is fastened to the end of the handle. This is fastened to the bolts to tighten them or loosen them. Socket wrenches are thought to be an important tool and can be used on many different-sized objects.

The L-style is the usual type of Allen wrench that you’d find at hardware stores and online. As the name suggests, the wrench looks like an L, allowing it to get into tighter areas and deliver better control whenever necessary.

The best way to clean the windows is to use either ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, reagent-grade acetone or lint-free lens cloths. You can also use nitric acid but this material, while okay for germanium can corrode other optics or mounts that may be nearby in your system.

Another consideration is germanium’s density. At 5.33g/cm3 it does not float like a butterfly and sting like a bee. It’s heavy. Quite heavy and this will need to be considered when designing weight-sensitive systems.

Various BBAR coatings typically requested are 3-5µm, 3-12µm, 2-14µm and 8-12µm though we can do even more customization. You can fill out our custom request form and see what Firebird Optics can do for your application.

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Silicon (Si) is germanium’s next door neighbor who frequently borrows sugar. Both have an atomic number of 14, absorb visible light and have sharp cut-offs making them also function as long pass filters. In addition, there is similarity with their transmission ranges with silicon transmitting from 1.2-7µm. However, this is where they begin diverging. Silicon is far lighter with a density of 2.33g/cm3, making it ideal for weight-sensitive applications and less than half the density of germanium. Moreover, it is more thermally resistant than germanium and with a Knoop Hardness of 1150 it is also harder and less brittle. Silicon also costs less making it a better candidate in several applications.

These wrenches have a mobile jaw that can change the wrench’s size, as well as a stable jaw area on top called a network wrench. Adjustable Allen wrenches can be bought in three different sizes, 200, 300, and 250 millimeters.

Germanium ends up in some interesting places including defense aircraft navigation, reconnaissance and surveillance systems soaring in the stratosphere on an airplane or even as part of a satellite.

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Germanium windows are optical windows that are completely impermeable to UV and VIS light giving them a dark, metallic appearance to the naked eye. However, when it comes to the IR range this is where germanium truly shines with an excellent, broad transmission range from 2-16μm making it an ideal candidate for Mid-Wave-IR (MWIR) and Long-Wave IR (LWIR) applications. The sharp transmission cut-off before 2µm also enables germanium to be used as a long pass filter, only transmitting wavelengths in excess of 2µm and fully blocking everything before it.

When not in use, we recommend storing your germanium windows wrapped in lens tissue with humidity below 30% and between 15 and 25ºC. While germanium is pretty tough stuff, these are the ideal conditions that will prolong the life of your window.