Optical instruments: Optics is applied in the design and development of optical instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and spectrometers. These instruments are used for observation, measurement, and analysis in various scientific and technological fields.

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Optical materials: The study of materials with optical properties, such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors, falls under the domain of optics. This includes the characterization and development of materials for specific optical applications.

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Laser physics: Lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) are devices that produce highly collimated and coherent light. Laser physics is a branch of optics that studies the principles and applications of lasers.

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Single lenses, including cemented doublets and triplets, in an objective are called elements of the objective. Certain subsets of elements are often called groups.

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Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and its manifestation as both particle and wave phenomena. It encompasses the study of the generation, propagation, manipulation, and detection of light, as well as its various applications. Optics plays a fundamental role in understanding vision, photography, microscopy, lasers, telecommunications, and a wide range of optical technologies.

Geometrical optics: Geometrical optics deals with the study of light as rays, focusing on the principles of reflection and refraction. It describes the behavior of light when it encounters surfaces and interfaces, using concepts such as lenses and mirrors.

Optics is a broad and interdisciplinary field that intersects with physics, engineering, materials science, biology, and other disciplines. The understanding of optics has led to numerous technological advancements and continues to play a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications.

The optical design of objectives is usually a sophisticated task, for which specialized optical design software is used. It involves trade-offs between different qualities, which should be optimized according to the specific application.

In other cases, objectives are optical components for sending light to an object. For example, there are projection objectives, used e.g. in laser projection displays, and focusing objectives. It also happens, for example, that a microscope objective is used for focusing a laser beam into an optical fiber, i.e., as a focusing objective. Such objectives are often optimized for improved power handling capability.

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A simple objective may essentially consist of a single lens. However, most objectives are multi-element lens systems, containing some number of lenses and often one or more optical apertures because of the optical performance in terms of various types of image aberrations can be achieved only with a careful combination of lenses. In the case of telescopes, objectives are often based on curved mirrors instead of lenses.

Quantum optics: Quantum optics involves the study of the quantum mechanical nature of light. It explores the behavior of individual photons, quantum entanglement, and the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level.

Fiber optics: Fiber optics involves the transmission of light through thin, flexible fibers made of glass or plastic. This technology is widely used for communication, providing high-speed data transmission over long distances.

Physical optics: Physical optics, also known as wave optics, considers light as an electromagnetic wave. It explores phenomena such as interference, diffraction, polarization, and the wave nature of light. This branch of optics is crucial for understanding various optical phenomena at the wave level.

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