– The skin reflects shortwave energy and does not absorb it effectively. This is a basic defense mechanism to protect the skin from these very hot wavelengths. Shortwave is very transmissive (i.e. penetrates deeper). Academic research (citations below) recommends skin and eye protection from these very hot wavelengths. Herschel does not recommend the use of Shortwave heaters for Comfort Heating;

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Infrared -A is classified as the “hottest” Infrared with temperatures up to 2,700C and wavelengths of 0.7 – 1.4 microns and is also called “Short-wave” or “Near” Infrared;

– Herschel Far Infrared is biologically more significant in comfort heating than shorter (hotter) heat wavelengths because skin content is 80% water which only absorbs heat wavelengths from 3 microns and lower (Far Infrared). Far Infrared is better absorbed by the skin than other wavelengths; is less “transmissive” and is not reflected – this is untrue for shorter wavelengths;

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For many, “Infrared Heating” is Shortwave or Middlewave Infrared: the Tungsten Halogen or Quartz lamps that cast the red light and are popular in outdoor heating and large public spaces. Many specifiers and installers by their own admission are aware there are different categories of infrared, but unaware the differences are important when matching a heater type to the correct function.

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– The skin reflects a lot of shortwave energy and does not absorb it effectively. This is a basic defense mechanism to protect the skin from these very hot wavelengths. Shortwave is nontheless very transmissive (i.e. penetrates deeper). Academic research (citations below) recommends skin and eye protection from these very hot wavelengths. Herschel does not recommend the use of Shortwave in Comfort Heating;

Infrared – C is infrared with temperatures of less than 500C and is the final and broadest waveband of 3 microns – 1mm and is also called “Longwave” or Far Infrared.The image shows the spectral output of lamps emitting principally in each of these 3 wavelengths noting that:- all of these lamps output in the different wavelengths in different intensities;

What we would like to do in this article is compare shortwave, medium and far infrared specifically as they apply to Comfort Heating – that is – the comfortable heating of people or animals where skin contact is both desirable and inevitable. We think you will find the following eye-opening and understand why we choose to use Far Infrared specifically for Comfort heating.

Dr. Janet Voke, Radiation effects on the eye, Part 1 – Infrared radiation effects on ocular tissue, Optometry Today, May 1999

– “Hotter” does not mean “more comfortable” but it does mean “more energy”. Quartz heaters may be “hotter” at 3 microns than Far Infrared heaters, but these intensities make quarz emitters more suitable to Industrial Drying Applications, not Comfort Heating. Herschel does not recommend the use of Quartz heaters for Comfort Heating. Herschel Far Infrared heaters are more effectively comfortable and consume less energy;

Peter Schroeder, Judith Haendeler, Jean Krutmann, The role of near infrared radiation in photoaging of the skin, Experimental Gerontology, Volume 43, Issue 7, July 2008, Pages 629-632, ISSN 0531- 5565,

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– the shorter the emitter wavelength, the larger proportion of energy is emitted in those shorter wavelengths (i.e. they “peak” earlier).

See the following summary of current research into this topic: “Preferred wavelengths for Comfort Heating“. Dr Gerard McGranaghan, Ceramicx Ltd.

Infrared – B is infrared with temperatures of 500 – 800C and wavelengths of 1.4 – 3 microns and is also called middlewave or “Medium” Infrared;

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– “Hotter” does not mean “more comfortable” but it does mean “more energy”. Quartz heaters may be “hotter” at 3 microns than Far Infrared heaters, but these intensities make this sort of emitter more suitable to Industrial Drying Applications, not Comfort Heating. Herschel does not recommend the use of Quartz heaters for Comfort Heating. Herschel Far Infrared heaters are more effectively comfortable whilst consuming less energy.

– The fact that Infrared A is more transmissive in both the skin and eyes overcomes the natural high reflectivity of the skin which is a defence mechanism. Installers and Operators of shortwave infrared must bear in mind the high temperatures of Infrared A and consider the exposure time and distance from the heater.- Schroeder and others indicate Infrared A as being as harmful as UV light in terms of its ageing effects (Schroeder P, Calles C, Krutmann J. Prevention of infrared-A radiation mediated detrimental effects in human skin. Skin Therapy Letters. 2009 Jun;14(5):4-5.)- Eye damage can also occur from prolonged IR-A exposure and goggles and time limits are recommended (Dr. Janet Voke, Radiation effects on the eye, Part 1 – Infrared radiation effects on ocular tissue, Optometry Today, May 1999).In conclusion:– Herschel Far Infrared emits the biologically most significant Comfort Heating wavelengths because skin content is 80% water which only absorbs heat wavelengths from 3 microns and lower (Far Infrared). Far Infrared is therefore better absorbed by the skin, less transmissive and less reflected;

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Schroeder P, Calles C, Krutmann J. Prevention of infrared-A radiation mediated detrimental effects in human skin. Skin Therapy Letters. 2009 Jun;14(5):4-5.

Soyun Cho, Mi Hee Shin, Yeon Kyung Kim, Jo-Eun Seo, Young Mee Lee, Chi-Hyun Park and Jin Ho Chung, Effects of Infrared Radiation and Heat on Human Skin Aging in vivo, Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings (2009) 14, 15–19;