The US Wire and Cable SJTW extension cord performed exceptionally well in all phases of testing. It passed our driveway abrasion test almost completely unscathed. It stiffened only slightly in the deep freezer test. And the long 12/3 cord delivered adequate current to power our portable table saw for several hours. Beyond the tough, flexible, bright orange jacket, it didn’t offer many extras—just a rock-solid performer and a great choice for most year-round outdoor power needs.

Firmerst’s 1-foot extension cord has a 14 AWG gauge rating and a power capacity of 15 amps, 125 volts, and 1,875 watts. The cord is UL certified and temperature-resistant up to 167 degrees Fahrenheit. Plus, the flat plug design is well suited for the tight spaces between outlets and furniture, bookshelves, and desks.

To avoid voltage drop, the shortest extension cord possible should be used for a given task. Longer cords have less capacity (greater voltage drop) than shorter cords with the same gauge rating. For example, a 16-gauge extension cord less than 50 feet long can power an appliance up to 1,625 watts. By comparison, a 16-gauge cord longer than 50 feet will have less wattage and only power a 1,250-watt appliance.

Fluorescence in transparent polymer sheets, which are doped with some luminescent species, can be used for luminescent (or fluorescent) solar concentrators [2]. Sunlight hitting the polymer sheets from any direction can be absorbed and efficiently transformed into fluorescent light, which is partly trapped in the sheets and thus sent to the edges, where solar cells receive the concentrated radiation. Potentially suitable luminescent agents can be certain organic dyes and quantum dots. Further research is required to optimize the still limited lifetime of dyes under irradiation with sunlight and the quantum efficiency of quantum dots.

This UL-listed extension cord from UltraPro includes three power outlets and a host of features to meet power-extending needs for outdoor spaces. It has a power capacity of 13 amps, 125 volts, and 1,625 watts that’s especially suitable for lighting. The cord features molded plugs and is double insulated for enhanced durability, longevity, and safety.

360° rotating flat plugextension cord

Wire gauge is the thickness or diameter of an extension cord’s internal wire. This thickness is measured by an American Wire Gauge (AWG) number: the smaller the number (000 to 40), the thicker the wire. For most home and outdoor use, look for a gauge rating between 10 and 18 AWG.

After excitation with a short pulse, the fluorescence decay is often of exponential nature with a decay constant which is called the fluorescence lifetime or upper-state lifetime ( because the fluorescence lifetime is identical to the lifetime of the population in the upper level of an electronic transition). For so-called allowed transitions, the fluorescence lifetime is typically of the order of a few nanoseconds. In solid-state laser gain media other than semiconductors, one is often dealing with weakly allowed transitions, where the fluorescence lifetime can be much longer, e.g. microseconds or even milliseconds. In any case, the upper-state lifetime can at most be the radiative lifetime (limited by fluorescence only), and possibly be shorter if there are additional non-radiative decay processes.

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Technical specifications and certifications. • Size: 50 mm • Thread: 1-1/2 (M) NPT Material(s): • Body: Brass • Compression Ring: Brass

Low profileExtension Cord

Various processes can lead to pronounced non-exponential fluorescence decay, with a faster decay shortly after excitation and a slower decay later. For example, this can be caused by contributing atoms with different lifetimes, or by upconversion processes which are stronger for high level populations.

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The strength, material, and purpose of the cord jacket are designated by the following letters, which are often printed on the jacket itself:

Fluorescence effects can be quite disturbing under certain circumstances. For example, certain spectroscopic measurements can be disturbed by unwanted laser-induced fluorescence in glass windows or tubes. Such fluorescence often originates from certain impurities.

Our top picks were chosen based on electrical performance, ease of use, and durability. Here’s a look at how each one performed, and why we consider them to be some of the best extension cords on the market.

Upconversion processes lead to the population in relatively high-lying energy levels, from where blue and even ultraviolet light is emitted. Such fibers are suitable for lasing in the blue spectral region near 480 nm. (The weak peaks around 700 nm are artifacts, caused by second-order diffraction of ultraviolet light in the spectrograph. Data taken by R. Paschotta.)

flat plugextension cord3-prong

This 25-foot extension cord from Champion Power Equipment boasts 30 amps, 125 volts, and 3,750 watts of power. It extends a single 30-amp locking outlet 25 feet away from the generator and provides three 15-amp outlets at a safe distance from the generator exhaust.

The Champion Power Equipment Generator Extension Cord proved to be a very useful adapter in our tests. By converting the 30 amp generator outlet into three additional three-prong 15 amp outlets, it boosted available outlets from four to seven, increasing fuel efficiency. The cord maintained good flexibility after 24 hours in the deep freezer, and the jacket showed no signs of abrasion after driving over it a half dozen times. Those who rely on generator power to run two- and three-prong household electrical tools and appliances would do well to consider this cord.

Fluorescence light can be useful, e.g. for direct use for optical measurements, such as for measuring the transmission spectra of optical devices. It is also the basis of fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy and of optical refrigeration. By combining multiple types of emitting rare earth ions in an optical fiber, very broadband radiation can be generated [1].

In optical amplifiers, fluorescence can be even more important. In the form of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), it may extract significant power and thus limit the achievable gain. It also determines much of the quantum noise contributions to laser noise and amplifier noise.

For very long decay times, usually involving triplet states with forbidden transitions, such luminescence is called phosphorescence. Is also the phenomenon of delayed fluorescence, which can involve a weak intersystem crossing to a triplet state and later back to the original singlet state.

An extension cord plug may have two or three prongs. The third prong means the cord is “grounded,” providing an additional path for electrical currents and contributing to overall safety.

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We tested the GE polarized extension cord in several indoor scenarios. We loaded all three sockets with plugs from lamps, chargers, a glue gun, and strings of holiday lights. Everything worked as expected, without causing the extension cord to heat up. We especially appreciated the rotary-socket locks that allowed us to close off unused sockets when only one or two were needed. This relatively short extension cord provided adequate reach without increasing clutter or creating a trip hazard. It makes an ideal choice for office, household, and crafting where two-prong plugs are common.

Substances emitting fluorescence, or sometimes just parts of larger molecules, are called fluorophores. Some artificial fluorophores may be added to samples in fluorescence spectroscopy.

This all-purpose extension cord from Iron Forge Tools, designed for both indoor and outdoor use, features a flexible, yellow vinyl jacket that’s water-resistant and protects against moisture, abrasion, and sunlight. The 12-gauge wire has a power rating of 15 amps, 125 volts, and 1,875 watts, and the cord is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listed for safety.

In solid-state laser gain media, phonons lead to very fast thermalization within Stark level manifolds. As the emission occurs on a much longer time scale, the spectral shape of the emission spectrum does not depend on the exact wavelength of the exciting light. It depends only on the spectral dependence of the emission cross-sections, combined with some other factors. The frequency-dependent fluorescence intensity (actually a power spectral density) related to spontaneous emission from some level <$j$> to level <$i$> is given by [3]:

Note that users can insert a two-pronged plug into a three-slotted socket, but never the reverse. Also, an extension cord with three-pronged sockets should always be used with appliances that have three-pronged plug ends.

Flatextension cordfor under rug

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In many cases, there are non-radiative processes which compete with fluorescence and reduce or even fully suppress it (→ quenching). In particular, multi-phonon transitions are very strong for level pairs with an energy distance which is at most a few times the maximum phonon energy of the host material. In other cases, energy transfer processes can deplete the population in a metastable level.

This guide aimed to address any questions and concerns shoppers may have about buying the best extension cords for indoor and outdoor use. Sometimes, many shoppers have additional questions regarding safety and other specifics. Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions shoppers have about extension cords.

This 25-foot extension cord is also available in a two-pack. Users can choose between additional lengths from 9 to 100 feet and five colors—some dark for easy concealment and some bright for high visibility and safety.

Many reliable extension cords also have a certified safety rating from an independent testing agency, like Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Intertek (ETL), or the Canadian Standards Association (CSA).

According to the Electrical Safety Foundation International, about 3,300 home fires are started annually by extension cords, killing or injuring hundreds of people each year. These fires occur because of overheated wires, which happens when too much electrical current passes through wires that are inadequate for the job.

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The UltraPro extension cord held up quite well in our driveway abrasion test and stayed flexible after 24 hours in the freezer. We really liked the hang-loop feature, which made it easy to set up electrical access in convenient elevated locations without adding strain on the plug and socket connections. This cord would be a great choice for setting up holiday lights or running temporary power for party lights and music.

2 meanings: 1. the condition of having or giving polarity 2. physics the process or phenomenon in which the waves of light or.

Fluorescence is a short-lived photoluminescence, excited by irradiation of a substance with light. The light hitting a sample puts atoms, ions or molecules in the sample into excited states (by absorption of photons), from where they decay into lower-lying states (e.g. their ground states) through spontaneous emission of fluorescence photons. This phenomenon is exploited for illumination, particularly in fluorescent lamps. It also occurs at a side effect in various kinds of optically pumped lasers and amplifiers, e.g. in solid-state doped-insulator lasers and amplifiers (including fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers), in optically pumped semiconductor lasers, and in dye lasers. The resulting radiation is called fluorescent light.

The thick wires are encased in heavy-duty plastic that is sturdy but flexible. The wires can handle more amperage and wattage—with less chance of overheating compared to similar products with thinner 16 or 18 AWG wires. Available in white or black in a convenient three-pack.

We started by measuring the voltage of each extension cord with a multimeter to ensure that they all deliver adequate power without excessive voltage drop. With the multimeter set to test AC voltage, we probed the wall outlet to get our baseline (121.2 volts). We then plugged each extension cord into that outlet and probed the cords’ sockets, measuring the voltage at the point of delivery. For multisocket extension cords, we tested each socket. All of our recommendations delivered at least 118 volts.

For any outdoor or indoor/outdoor extension cord, we tested durability by laying the cords across a concrete driveway and driving a pickup truck over them 10 times, inspecting the cord jackets afterward for signs of abrasion. To test for cold-weather operation, we placed the coiled cords in a deep freezer at -5 degrees Fahrenheit for 24 hours, then immediately attempted to uncoil them, rating each one according to its cold-temperature flexibility.

Plastic or woven nylon is used to cover indoor extension cords. Heavy-duty plastics, rubber, and vinyl often coat the electrical wires in outdoor extension cords, protecting them from environmental exposure, electrical leakage, and overheating.

Rotating PlugExtension Cord

Fluorescence is widely used in fluorescent tubes for illumination purposes. The most common fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapor inside a glass tube, where an electric discharge excites the mercury atoms to emit mostly ultraviolet light. A fluorescent material (called the phosphor) on the inner surface of the tube absorbs the ultraviolet light and converts it into fluorescence light, mostly in the visible spectral region. The phosphor contains several substances mixed in such a way that the overall emission spectrum corresponds to white light (with the color tone adjusted according to the envisaged application). Although part of the energy of the ultraviolet light is lost in the phosphor, fluorescence lights are still several times more energy-efficient than incandescent lamps.

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In addition to the gauge rating, there will often be three numbers associated with an extension cord’s power capacity that indicate amps, volts, and watts. When looking for the best extension cord, shoppers should take note of these values, which are crucial for extension cord safety: A cord can overheat and catch fire when an appliance is plugged into a cord with a comparatively insufficient power rating.

This versatile 100-foot outdoor extension cord from US Wire and Cable features an insulating jacket made of 100 percent thermoplastic rubber. The material compound stands up to extreme temperatures between 221 degrees Fahrenheit and -94 degrees Fahrenheit. The jacket is oil-resistant and more durable in harsh environments compared to standard PVC.

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Further down, we’ve outlined what to consider before buying extension cords (see “Jacket Strength”), but the following definitions are good to know before reading reviews of our Top Picks. These letters are used to define the strength, material, and purpose of extension cord jackets, and they are often printed directly on the product:

A special kind of fluorescence, which is not related to the excitation of atoms or ions in a substance, is parametric fluorescence in nonlinear crystal materials. This effect does not involve the excitation of electrons in the media, but rather a nonlinear interaction. Such fluorescence occurs only as long as some pump light propagates in the medium.

We tested the Slimline flat plug extension cord with strings of incandescent holiday lights. After 8 hours, everything was still lit and the extension cord had not become heated. The flat plug, which measured exactly the same thickness as our baseboard trim, allowed us to access a wall outlet behind a bookshelf and replace the shelf against the wall. Had we needed one, a second plug would have easily fit into the second socket on the wall outlet, thanks to the offset design of the plug. With its thin profile and available color options, this cord makes a smart choice that works with any style.

We used the GHome smart power strip to charge two phones and a watch on the USB ports while powering three small lamps with the outlets. Basic operation without Wi-Fi worked just fine. Next, we downloaded the mobile app and connected to our Alexa. Setting up the smart features took about 20 minutes. Using them required a strong Wi-Fi connection at all times. Navigating the app was a fairly intuitive process, and everything worked well along the way. Shoppers who are looking for more connectivity and convenience will enjoy this smart power strip.

In the context of lasers, fluorescence in the laser crystal (or other gain medium) by spontaneous emission is lost for the laser operation because only a tiny fraction of it goes into the laser resonator mode. The fluorescence lifetime for fluorescence from the upper laser level is usually called the upper-state lifetime. Fluorescence is the most fundamental reason why a certain laser threshold has to be overcome to achieve lasing (exception: thresholdless lasers). Note also that when the pump source of a laser is turned on, laser action normally starts from a tiny amount of fluorescence in the laser resonator mode, amplified to high levels in many resonator round trips.

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This 12-gauge extension cord has a 15-amp power capacity designed for medium- to heavy-duty outdoor use, including power tools, snow blowers, and generators. The bright orange color pairs with the lighted plug ends for safety and visibility in darker conditions.

A length of insulated wire with a plug at one end and a socket at the other, an extension cord comes in handy to connect an appliance, a power tool, or another electrical device to a power source beyond the reach of the item’s own cord. Yet helpful as they are, extension cords can be dangerous.

The Yellow Jacket locking 12/3 extension cord is power rated for 15 amps, 125 volts, and 1,875 watts. It includes multiple features that improve work-site safety. The weather-resistant bright yellow PVC jacket improves visibility to reduce a tripping hazard. The cord is SJTW designated for hard use in tough environments. It is treated with a special compound to remain flexible, even in cold weather.

Fluorescent solar concentrators might be the basis for cheaper electricity from photovoltaic panels (solar modules), as they allow to collect radiation from a large area while requiring only relatively small photovoltaic cells.

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In our tests, the Yellow Jacket locking extension cord delivered outstanding performance. We used it to power a portable table saw for 4 hours with no trouble. In order to text the locking connections, we attached a corded electric leaf blower. The connections held securely through the project. This cord also turned in the best cold temperature performance, as it remained significantly more flexible than any of the other “all-season” outdoor extension cords we tested. In our opinion, the Yellow Jacket could have been an alternate choice for Best Overall if not for the elevated, but justifiable, price point.

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The service-grade extension cord is abrasion- and weather-resistant and comes with dust covers to keep the outlets clean and clear when not in use. It is also cold- and heat-resistant with a 10-gauge wire that remains flexible in extreme temperatures.

Having more than one extension cord or surge protector can look unattractive. Luckily, a variety of cord colors and braided fabric options are available to match existing decor. Brightly colored outdoor extension cords can help prevent tripping and other accidents.

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The quantum efficiency (or quantum yield) of fluorescence from some level is the average number of fluorescence photons obtained per ion which is put into the upper level. Solid-state gain media (e.g. laser crystals or rare-earth-doped fibers) often have laser transitions with a quantum efficiency very close to unity, whereas some levels (e.g. the lower laser level) exhibit virtually no fluorescence due to strong multi-phonon transitions.

The optical spectrum of fluorescence light (see e.g. Figure 1) generally differs from that of the light which initially caused the excitation of the medium. A significant Stokes shift (difference in photon energies of absorbed and emitted light) can occur because a part of the excitation energy is converted to heat in the medium. For example, the excited atoms or ions may first undergo an optical or a non-radiative transition to some intermediate level, before emitting fluorescence light in a transition to the ground state, or to some higher-lying energy level. It is also possible that a cascade of emission processes occurs, i.e., a cascade of transitions to lower-lying energy levels; in that case, more than one fluorescence photon can be emitted for one absorbed photon.

Fluorescence of the single atoms, ions or molecules of a sample usually occurs in an uncoordinated manner, i.e., uniformly in all spatial directions and without temporal correlations between the emitted photons. However, certain conditions lead to amplified spontaneous emission (superluminescence) or superfluorescence, where this is no longer the case.

We spent 2 days (12 hours total) testing each of the extension cords listed to provide authoritative recommendations based on electrical performance, ease of use, and durability.

The 100-foot extension cord offers a light socket illuminated by LED bulbs that helpfully indicate when the power is on. The plug boasts reinforced blades to prevent bending or breaking. This extension cord can handle most medium- to heavy-duty applications, from running a lawn mower to powering Christmas lights. Users can choose the best length for the job from among additional sizes, from 3 to 200 feet.

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Users can add three outlets up to 6 feet from the nearest plug with this inexpensive extension cord, and the two-prong plug features strain relief to reduce fraying. The cord is ideal for home offices, workshops, or garages. In addition to the 6-foot length, choose from white, brown, and black in 9-, 12-, and 15-foot lengths.

To help keep consumers safe, this guide showcases extension cords that we selected and tested based on specific shopping and performance criteria. We also offer several factors shoppers will want to consider before buying a new extension cord for their indoor or outdoor electrical needs.

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An overloaded extension cord is hot to the touch and may blow a fuse. Damaged extension cords typically emit a burning smell when they’re plugged in, often leaving black burn marks near the power outlet, on the plug, or on the appliance. If an internal wire is visible or the plug is broken or frayed, the extension cord should be replaced.

Wire is an excellent conductor that needs insulation to function properly. The coating around wires is referred to as a jacket.

Cases with resonance fluorescence – most often with atoms or molecules – are those not involving additional transitions, where the interacting atoms or molecules can be considered as simple oscillators with a certain resonance frequency. The emission wavelengths are then close to the excitation wavelength.

Ultra Thin FlatExtension Cord

The GHome Smart Power Strip offers three 3-prong electrical sockets and three USB ports all in one surge-protected unit. The power strip features a 4-foot power cord, onboard on/off switch, and Wi-Fi connectivity for remote control via a free mobile app or voice command through Amazon Alexa or Google Home. It has a power rating of 120 volts, 10 amps, 1,200 watts. The total USB output current is 3.1 amps.

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The specially designed locking plugs ensure that tools remain plugged in, meaning less time messing around with the cord and more productive time. Heavy-duty strain relief built into the plug connections reduce wear and tear and extend cord life. This cord meets OSHA specifications for safe use on commercial projects.

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The socket is the part of the extension cord into which users plug appliances. This strip may contain multiple sockets (for two- or three-prong plugs) to power up multiple appliances, provided users don’t go over the wattage (power rating) on the cord’s label.

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It depends on the intended use. A 12-gauge wire is considered a heavy-duty extension cord, while a 16-gauge wire is a light-duty one.

Environmental conditions, usage frequency, and the appliance types the cord will support are also important considerations.

where <$\sigma_{ji}$> is the emission cross-section and <$N_j$> the density of ions in the starting level <$j$>. The given quantity <$I_{ji}(\nu)$> has units of J/m3, and multiplied with a small frequency interval <$\rm{d}\nu$> one arrives at W/m3 – consistent with the radiated optical power per unit volume.

The Firmerst low-profile extension cord we tested was just 12-inches long, a short length ideal for use as an adapter, where the low-profile plug may improve the functionality of a small space. It reduced plug profiles from a standard depth of about 3 inches to .75 inch, and worked with three-prong plugs. Because the cord is so short and made of thick 14 gauge wire, it even worked well with high amperage tools like our portable table saw. This extension cord could be helpful for organizing the house, garage, or workshop.

Flat PlugExtension CordHome Depot

This low-profile indoor extension cord lays flat against the wall and only rises .5 inch above the wall surface. The angled plug design does not block the second socket in the outlet. This multioutlet extension cord offers three grounded two-prong outlets with twist-to-close safety covers for any outlets not in use. It is available in white, beige, or black and in lengths of 3, 7, 8, or 13 feet.

Various factors go into choosing the best extension cord for a given space and situation: safety and intended use, gauge and power ratings, cord length and voltage, jacket strength, and plug and socket type. Shoppers may also want to consider extra features, such as aesthetic appeal and lighted plug ends.

No little fingers or slim objects will get stuck inside any of the receptacles of this three-outlet indoor extension cord from GE. It boasts twist-to-close safety outlet covers that help prevent injuries. The 16-gauge cable also boasts power ratings of 13 amps, 125 volts, and 1,625 watts and is UL certified.

There are also light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which generate white light in a process that involves the excitation of a phosphor. In that case, however, the actual LED produces blue rather than ultraviolet light, and this blue light is partly converted to red and green fluorescence light in the phosphor, and partly emitted by the device.

While some extension cords may be longer than 100 feet, those between 1 foot and 100 feet are the most helpful and popular for tasks in and around the home. Cord length also affects how much voltage is lost due to electrical resistance over distance. The longer the extension cord, the greater the voltage lost, which is a property called “voltage drop.”

The Slimline flat plug extension cord offers multiple solutions for indoor power needs without disrupting the room’s aesthetic. The space-saving design makes it easier to access outlets behind furniture and deliver electricity where needed. It comes in a variety of colors to better blend with the room’s aesthetic. The cord has a power rating of 120 volts, 13 amps, and 1,560 watts.

The ground pin (third prong) is an essential safety feature of heavier-duty extension cords, and users should never remove or bypass it in any way. Grounded (three-pronged) extension cords should be used with larger appliances.

Flat plugextension cord10 ft

A cord’s AWG number, or gauge rating, can typically be found on its outer jacket—the layer of thermoplastic that surrounds and protects the electrical wires. Gauge rating is usually paired with the number of conducting wires inside the cord. For example, a 16/3 cord means a 16-gauge wire with three wires inside the cord.

In our tests, the Iron Forge Tools lighted extension cord offered the best combination of performance and price for general indoor and outdoor use. This single-outlet SJTW-designated cord delivered good operational performance, easily powering our portable table saw. The bright yellow cord and lighted sockets improved visibility in the work area, adding a helpful safety element. The jacket held up well to abrasion by car tires on the driveway, but the cord does stiffen up quite a bit in freezing conditions. For the price, it would be hard to find a better 12/3 extension cord.

To test for ease of use, we plugged in the cords and used them to power as many tools and appliances as they were designed for. We noted special features, like lighted ends and multiple outlets. We also noted limitations, like excess or shortness of length, bulkiness, or limited plug compatibility. This information guided our decisions for use recommendations.

The US Wire and Cable lighted extension cord performed nearly identically to our Best Overall pick, with the only difference being the shorter 50-foot length. Measured voltage drop was slightly reduced because of the shorter cord length, but for practical purposes, this cord simply worked well. It powered our portable table saw without issue, and the three-hole plug is compatible with any corded electric hand tool. After a night in the deep freezer, this cord had stiffened similarly to our Best Overall pick, but the price is slightly higher on a per-foot basis. This option would be a good choice for DIYers with less distance to cover.

This bright yellow 50-foot extension cord (25-foot and 100-foot versions are also available) stands out in dark conditions outside and among tools in a garage or workshop to help prevent tripping and other accidents. It includes an SJTW vinyl outer jacket that won’t split or crack in colder temperatures as low as -35 degrees Fahrenheit. The 12-gauge wire features 15 amps, 125 volts, and 1,875 watts of power, as well as a lighted female plug that indicates when the cord is in use.

With Wi-Fi connectivity, each of the socket outlets is individually controllable from anywhere. Name the outlets according to their function, use the app or voice control to turn them on or off individually, or set personalized schedules so they turn on and off automatically.