Broad perspectives generally equip Autonomous Mobile Robots to navigate complex environments and avoid obstacles. A wide FOV also ensures that robots can detect and analyze their surroundings in real time, boosting their ability to move safely and operate in dynamic environments, such as warehouses, manufacturing floors, and public spaces. A large vertical FOV ensures that obstacles at any height are detected, allowing robots to navigate under hanging obstacles such as shelves or overhead conveyor. For warehouse AMRs, two cameras placed on opposing corners, each providing a 270° FOV, can offer complete situational awareness. This setup enables the AMR to navigate freely in all directions—left, right, forward, and backward—while also turning efficiently without worrying about blind spots or objects coming from behind.

Armmicroscopefunction

There is an important use of the graduated drawtube in micrometry. The eyepiece micrometer is normally calibrated with a fixed tube length body. With an adjustable tube length, the calibration of each eyepiece micrometer division will continuously change with tube length because of the continuous magnification change. So, what you do is prepare a graph in which you plot mechanical tube length against eyepiece micrometer calibration. For example, the set-up in Figure 28-2 was used; the tube was fully closed to 140 mm, and the eyepiece micrometer was calibrated using a stage micrometer, and found to be 16.0 µm per division. Next, the drawtube was successively set to 150 mm, 160 mm, 170 mm, and 174 mm (the maximum extension), and the value of each eyepiece micrometer division was determined for each tube length setting.

Jul 22, 2023 — The Fresnel lens captures and focuses more light than a traditional lens, which means that less energy is needed to produce the same level of ...

Prabu is the Chief Technology Officer and Head of Camera Products at e-con Systems, and comes with a rich experience of more than 15 years in the embedded vision space. He brings to the table a deep knowledge in USB cameras, embedded vision cameras, vision algorithms and FPGAs. He has built 50+ camera solutions spanning various domains such as medical, industrial, agriculture, retail, biometrics, and more. He also comes with expertise in device driver development and BSP development. Currently, Prabu’s focus is to build smart camera solutions that power new age AI based applications.

Let’s look at Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR) as a reference. These autonomous systems perform obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance (ODOA) to seamlessly navigate their environment. Many of them require FOVs in excess of 180 degrees. This ultra-wide FOV is achieved by using multi-camera systems.

Spinell, B. M. and Loveland, R. P. (1960). Optics of the Object Space in Microscopy. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 79 Pt 1, 59-80.

The reason for the move to “infinity corrected” systems is because of the trend today to use multiple modules stacked for polarized light and various contrast enhancement systems, and also for epi-fluorescence (see Experiment 23). Figure 28-1 illustrates four objectives, each requiring a different mechanical tube length; from left to right, 160 mm, 170 mm, 215 mm, ∞. If these objectives are used at mechanical tube lengths other than that for which they were designed, the resulting images will be severely degraded.

May 3, 2024 — Aspheric means non-spherical, so there is less of a bulge or curve. Conventional lenses have a spherical curvature on the front of the lens ( ...

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In the fully-closed position, this drawtube gives a total tube length of 140 mm; when fully extended, the total tube length can be increased to 174 mm. There is a reference line at 160 mm that goes all the way around the drawtube to indicate that this is the correct starting position setting for the vast majority of observations made with objectives corrected for 160 mm tube length. (Note that you could mix a Leitz objective on the nosepiece, but you would have to remember to re-set the tube length to 170 mm when that objective is being used).

This much is taken for granted: that the user of any microscope will make sure that the objectives being used correspond to the microscope’s mechanical tube length. Now, if you will review the Discussion in Experiment 24 on Coverglass Thickness, you will recall that use of incorrect coverglass thickness will introduce spherical aberration into the final image; the image will be “soft.” Notice that the required coverglass thickness for any particular objective is always engraved on it. In Figure 28-1, the two objectives on the left require a coverglass that is 0.17 mm thick—this is indicated after the slash following the mechanical tube length; the two objectives on the right require no coverglass, indicated by the “0”, because they are intended for viewing polished metal and ore specimens by reflected light; a coverglass would reflect the incident light right back up, causing nothing but glare.

Apr 19, 2017 — Answer ... Refraction is the change in direction of a wave. Diffraction is the bending of a wave around a barrier.

Not all drawtubes are graduated; ungraduated drawtubes are used in the same way described for neutralizing image error due to incorrect coverglass thickness; they just cannot be used for micrometry. Ungraduated drawtubes still have a simple line engraved all around them at e.g., 160 mm.

e-con Systems has led from the front when it comes to innovation in embedded vision. And one of our key strengths is the platform side expertise especially on the NVIDIA Jetson series. Leveraging this, e-con has designed many multi-camera solutions that offer an FOV of up to 360 degrees.

Field of view (FOV) is the maximum area of a scene that a camera can focus on/capture. It is represented in degrees. There are three ways to measure the field of view of a camera – horizontally, vertically, or diagonally as shown below.

Positioned closer to the object being observed, it captures and magnifies the incoming light, bringing the specimen into focus. The objective lens is ...

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However, it is extremely important to understand that many factors determine this. There is no ‘one-size fits all’ approach to this. It is recommended that you seek help from an imaging expert like e-con Systems as you pick the right field of view and lens for your application.

Please write to us at camerasolutions@e-consystems.com if you need expert help integrating cameras with different FOVs into your applications.

Having two or more cameras enables a higher resolution, prevents lens distortion, and offers a wider FOV. To achieve high imaging quality in multi-camera systems, a lens having an FOV of around 60-70 degrees is usually chosen.

13 Piece Set - Complete Research Grade Lab Starter Kit - Includes Rod, Base, Tongs, Rings, Test Tube Stands, Clamps & More RESEARCH QUALITY || This ultimate ...

Industrial automation systems for functions like quality inspection rely on cameras with accurate FOV settings to scrutinize products on assembly lines. They capture imaging data required for thorough product inspection by detecting defects instantly. Moreover, manufacturers can optimize their inspection processes, reduce errors, and maintain consistent product standards.

Smart traffic systems utilize cameras with a wide FOV to seamlessly monitor and manage road traffic. Such cameras capture comprehensive views of large areas for performing real-time traffic flow analysis and incident detection. Covering wide road sections also means they can promptly identify traffic violations, accidents, and congestion. Additionally, the broader view empowers advanced features like vehicle counting, object classification and lane discipline monitoring. This provides crucial real-time data that helps optimize traffic flow and improve overall safety.

Using tube length adjustment to change magnification is self-explanatory. When viewing your image on a screen or within framing lines, if you would like the image a bit bigger, but the next objective up in magnification is too much, you may increase the tube length to increase the image size.

So, say you are looking for Barr bodies in the leucocytes in a stained blood film, or any fine structure within any tissue section, or live microorganisms using a 40X/0.95 NA objective. Here is how you proceed: with one hand on the fine focus knob, and the other hand on the drawtube, concentrate your view on some tiny, tiny structural feature, and adjust the fine focus carefully for best critical focus. Now change the tube length slightly—it does not matter if you lengthen it or shorten it a little—and you will discover that you have to re-adjust the fine focus for sharp focus. Evaluate the tiny fine feature you were concentrating your view on, and ask yourself if the change in mechanical tube length results in a better, sharper image, or has the image become “softer.” If the resulting image was improved, continue to lengthen or shorten the tube length as you did before. Again refocus and evaluate. Continue the procedure as long as image quality improves. When the image starts to degrade, reverse direction of the drawtube. The object is to find that tube length that results in the very best quality image. When you have done so, you will have corrected the system for spherical aberration; it does not matter what the actual tube length reads, as long as the image quality is perfect. This use of the drawtube is particularly necessary for those microscopists who desire to resolve the fine lines and “puncta” of diatoms. As for the actual, final tube length reading, it is immaterial, but you will find that tube length must be shortened for too-thick coverglass, and lengthened for too-thin coverglass.

Figure 28-3 shows the adjustable graduated drawtube removed from the main body tube of a Zeiss microscope; its range of tube length is 154 mm to 200 mm; it just slides into the main body tube.

And one of the most popular among those solutions is e-CAM130A_CUXVR_3H02R1 180° FOV camera – a synchronized multi-camera solution that can be directly interfaced with the NVIDIA® Jetson AGX Xavier™ development kit. This camera solution comprises of three 13 MP camera modules that are based on the 1/3.2″ AR1335 CMOS image sensor from onsemi®. These 4K camera modules are positioned inwards to create a 180° FOV as shown in the image below:

From the previous section, we understood the definition of FOV and its relation with several other lens parameters. Let us now discuss how to choose the right FOV for an embedded vision application.

Function of objective lens inmicroscope

What helps e-con stand out when it comes to this solution is our proprietary 180-degree stitching algorithm that can process images from multiple cameras to create a 180 degree image. To learn more about this solution, please visit the product page.

An adjustable drawtube allows the user to change the overall length of the body tube so as to correct spherical aberration due to use of too-thick or too-thin coverglasses. In the past, adjustable graduated drawtubes were offered as an option with every monocular microscope. Figure 28-2 is a composite photograph of a Bausch & Lomb Microscope fixed-length eyepiece tube (right) having been replaced with an optional adjustable graduated drawtube screwed into the main body tube.

Most of the embedded camera applications require the FOV to be wider enough to cover a large viewing area. For instance, a fish-eye lens is characterized by wider FOV and larger depth of field (DOF) and hence is suitable for surveillance applications. On the other hand, for a zoom/telescopic application, you might require a normal/narrow FOV.

FOV is one of the most critical parameters considered while integrating a camera into an embedded vision system. Whether it’s an intelligent transportation system, autonomous mobile robot, remote patient monitoring system, or automated sports broadcasting device, FOV plays a major role in ensuring the necessary details of the scene are captured. The FOV of the lens can be set as wide or narrow based on the end application requirements.

FOV also depends on the distance between the camera and the object. As discussed earlier, if the objects are closer to the camera, the FOV becomes wider. This is because shorter focal lengths require shorter working distances for proper focusing. Thus, the lens to sensor distance has to be designed based on the working distance.

Fine adjustment knobmicroscopefunction

In this article, let’s explore the importance of FOV in embedded vision, the factors that determine FOV, as well as which applications rely on this the most.

Coarse adjustmentmicroscopefunction

You also have an option to capture the same field of view with sensors of different size. This can be done using a lens with the appropriate focal length. As a result, the same FOV can be achieved using a small sensor with a short focal length lens and a large sensor with a long focal length lens.

Similarly, for the calculation of VFOV and DFOV, instead of width (or horizontal F0V), corresponding height and diagonal dimensions of the object are substituted in the above formula respectively.

A hand held magnifier, or magnifying glass, is a device of convex lens usually mounted in a frame with a handle allowing people to enlarge or magnify and ...

Conversely, if you know the FOV and the working distance, then you can calculate the dimension of the object using the below formula.

Automated sports broadcasting systems use cameras with a wide FOV to cover entire fields or courts. Hence, all the movements within the sporting area are captured, which means viewers can experience the game in an immersive way. A wide FOV is also important for capturing aspects such as player movements and strategic plays, which enhances the overall broadcasting quality. Furthermore, wider FOV cameras streamline production by potentially replacing multiple conventional cameras, reducing setup complexity and personnel needs.

Most locations feature a fog of war effect, a dark, black one for regions not explored, and a lighter effect for areas that have already been explored and have ...

Obtain a microscope that has an adjustable graduated drawtube, install a high numerical aperture objective, and practice finding the optimum tube length for some very fine structure in any specimen. Change the tube length, and repeat the operation to get an idea of the reproducibility of your findings. These are advanced tasks that require some practice, but they will result in making you a critical observer.

Body tubedefinition

Objectives of high numerical aperture are particularly sensitive to changes in coverglass thickness, including thickness of mounting medium. In Experiment 24 it was mentioned that spherical aberration due to coverglass/mountant thickness variation could be corrected by using the so-called “correction collar” of specially-constructed objectives in which a knurled ring surrounding these objectives is used to alter the position of key lens elements within the objective itself. Altering the lens position introduces spherical aberration that is of equal magnitude, but opposite sign, so as to cancel the aberration from the specimen slide. Objectives with correction collars are, however, very expensive, and here is where the adjustable drawtube comes in!

Most embedded camera applications require the FOV to be wider enough to cover a large viewing area. For instance, a fish-eye lens is characterized by a wider FOV and larger depth of field (DOF) and is hence suitable for surveillance applications. On the other hand, for a zoom/telescopic application, you might require a normal/narrow FOV.

The most important use of the adjustable drawtube is to correct for spherical aberration in the image that is due to incorrect coverglass thickness. You will know how to choose correct coverglass thickness to begin with, after performing Experiment 24, Coverglass Thickness. But if you are looking at a commercially prepared specimen, or any specimen prepared by someone else, you do not know if the correct thickness coverglass has been used. You will also recall from Experiment 24 that lower magnification objectives with their lower numerical apertures are not particularly affected by incorrect coverglass thickness; it is the high numerical aperture objectives that are particularly affected.

Revolving nosepiecemicroscopefunction

Remote patient monitoring systems rely on cameras with an optimal FOV to provide accurate and complete observations of patients. These cameras ensure that all relevant movements and conditions are captured so that healthcare providers can monitor the health of patients. It leads to timely medical interventions and improved remote patient safety.

Focal length is the defining property of a lens. Simply put, it is the distance between the lens and the plane of the sensor, and is determined when the lens focuses the object at infinity. It is represented in mm. Focal length depends on the curvature of the lens and its material. The shorter the focal length, the wider the AFOV and vice versa. Please have a look at the below image to understand this better:

In the past, Hooke College of Applied Sciences offered a microscopy workshop for middle school and high school science teachers. We thought that these basic microscope techniques would be of interest not only for science teachers, but also for homeschoolers and amateur microscopists. The activities were originally designed for a Boreal/Motic monocular microscope, but the Discussion and Task sections are transferable to most microscopes. You may complete these 36 activities in consecutive order as presented in the original classroom workshop, or skip around to those you find interesting or helpful. We hope you will find these online microscope activities valuable.

Figure 28-4 shows the resulting graph; note that there is approximately a 1 µm difference in calibration for each 10 mm change in tube length. What is commonly done is that a tube length is selected that results in some even number of µm/div to facilitate measurements of structures, or for particle size analysis.

Generally for a sensor, FOV refers to the diagonal measurement – which is called DFOV or Diagonal FOV. Horizontal FOV (HFOV) and Vertical FOV (VFOV) will vary based on the aspect ratio of the image sensor used.

Fine adjustment knobmicroscopedefinition

For example, imagine that the camera and the object are fixed at a working distance of 30cm. In this case, the HFOV and VFOV are measured manually using a scale (in mm) as shown below:

The function of the ocular lens (eye piece) is to magnify the image produced by the objective lens. The ocular lens produces a virtual image that appears below ...

Also, let us consider a popular embedded vision application like autonomous mobile robots (AMR). These autonomous systems perform obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance (ODOA) to seamlessly navigate their environment. And many of these robots require FOVs in excess of 180 degrees. This ultra-wide FOV is achieved by using multi-camera systems.

Body tube microscopefunction

Many modern-day embedded vision systems utilize multiple types of lenses and sensors with different feature sets and varying costs. The design of the camera systems integrated with these components plays a huge role in achieving the required image quality.

However, selecting and evaluating sensors and lenses can be challenging. The right combination can help build a highly optimized embedded vision system that meets all your standards. Of course, when selecting a lens for an embedded camera, numerous factors, such as Field Of View (FOV), must be considered.

Each embedded vision application has different sensor size requirements to get the best output. A small sensor will have a narrow field of view while a large sensor can provide a wide field of view.

Now let us discuss FOV calculation. In many applications, the required distance from an object and the desired field of view (which determine the size of the object seen in the frame) are known quantities. This information can be used to directly determine the required angular field of view (AFOV) as shown below.

Meanwhile, you could check out the article What are the crucial factors to consider while integrating multi-camera solutions? if you are interested in learning more about multi-camera integration.

Almost all student-grade microscopes today come equipped with a fixed mechanical tube length. In the past, the most common tube lengths were 160 mm (most manufacturers) and 170 mm (Leitz). Metallurgical-type microscopes required a longer tube length so as to accommodate a light source reflecting system above the objective; mechanical tube lengths for these systems included, for example, 185 mm and 215 mm. More recent microscopes, including metallographs (those with built-in epi-brightfield illumination made for looking at opaque specimens, such as polished metal and ore samples) have tended to be corrected for an infinitely long tube length, indicated with an infinity symbol, ∞.

Having 2 or more cameras enables a higher resolution, prevents lens distortion, and offers a wider FOV. To achieve high imaging quality in multi-camera systems, a lens having an FOV of around 60-70 degrees is usually chosen. But it is important to note that this is determined by a multitude of factors. There is no ‘one-size fits all’ approach to this. It is recommended to take the help from an imaging expert like e-con Systems as you go about picking the right field of view and lens for your application. Please feel free to write to us at camerasolutions@e-consystems.com if you need a helping hand.

e-con Systems has 20+ years of experience designing, developing, and manufacturing OEM cameras. That’s why we understand the nuances involved in selecting lenses with the right FOV for your application. We can expertly guide you through the entire process of selecting the lens rather than merely acting as a camera supplier.