Laser sensors are used in various fields of application for industrial automation. The variety in application areas entails a demand for different types of laser sensors. There are applications for detections, measurements or positioning. What different laser sensors have in common are the advantages that the use of laser light provides. A first advantage is the high light intensity, which enables very accurate measurement, positioning or detection (down to nanometers). Another advantage is the measurement speed; this is very high due to the use of light as a medium.

These laser sensors are very suited in their own areas of application where processes are carried out at high speeds, such as counting or detecting products. The photoelectric laser sensors, also known as trigger sensors, are unique because they are capable of performing detections at high speeds. These laser sensors have a switching frequency of up to 300 kHz. Because of this, these laser trigger sensors are used in applications such as counting the chain rings on bicyle chains in high volumes at high speeds on a conveyor belt.

With regard to applications, one can think of counting bottles that are supplied on a conveyor belt so that the supply speed can be adjusted. This prevents build-up on the accumulation belt.

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Displacement lasers are much more versatile in applicability. These sensors can serve in thickness measurements of, for example, steel plates, profile measurements of shape-specific products and the positioning of materials over a conveyor belt.

Types oflaser with example

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For example, the L-LAS-TB-CL series consists of laser light grids that are used for determining diameters, positioning or web edge control. Think of detecting deviations in the diameter of PVC pipes on a conveyor belt.

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Another common application that can be considered with these sensors is that in which a printed line on embossed paper must be continuously inspected for deviations.

Laser distance sensors measure distances and allow it to take measurements at great distances. These distance sensors work on the basis of the Time-Of-Flight (ToF) principle, which means that the sensor emits a laser beam and receives the reflection from it. The time that elapses between sending and receiving the laser light ensures that the laser distance sensor can internally determine the distance. The distance over which the measurements can be taken differs per series.

Types oflaser PDF

In such applications, the trigger sensors can be configured not only as a counting sensor, but also as a trigger that ensures that another sensor does not have to constantly detect and only has to work when something has actually been detected. The photoelectric laser sensor “activates” the other sensor in this. The operation is comparable to most laser sensors: a laser light is emitted and the sensor detects a detection based on a reflection from an object. Furthermore, the photoelectric laser sensors come in different designs: fork-, cube- and cylinder-shaped.

The RED-series of Sensor Instruments consists of edge detection sensors that are used for inline detections and counting one side of a product or object. The sensors are mounted in the production line and perform the counting from the side. This laser also works with an emitted laser light and a processing of the received reflection from the material.

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Various types of lasersand their uses

When light hits a surface that it can't travel through, it bounces back. If the surface is smooth, like a mirror, the light will reflect in a predictable way. If the surface is flat, the angle at which a beam of light approaches the mirror will be equal to the angle at which the beam is reflected, so i = r in the diagram below.

There are several other types of reflectors that solve the issue of where to focus the light in different ways. Cassegrain reflectors have a convex secondary mirror and a hole in the middle of the primary mirror. Prime focus telescopes have no secondary optics and the observer or camera observes the image from near the focal point. Coudé telescopes use a convex secondary mirror like a Cassegrain and an angled mirror like a Newtonian reflector to move the light rays to a focal point away from the telescope. This arrangement is useful when optical equipment is being used that is too heavy to mount directly on the telescope.

These lasers consist of a transmitter and a receiver. There is a barrier of parallel laser beams emitted between these. Objects that pass through these are not only detected, but also measured.

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Reflecting telescopes have many advantages over refracting telescopes. Mirrors don't cause chromatic aberration and they are easier and cheaper to build large. They are also easier to mount because the back of the mirror can be used to attach to the mount. Reflecting telescopes have a few disadvantages as well. Because they are normally open, the mirrors have to be cleaned. Also, unless the mirrors and other optics are kept at the same temperature as the outside air, there will be air currents inside the telescope that will cause images to be fuzzy.

Various types of laserswith examples

These sensors are not so much aimed at measuring distances, but at detecting objects and/or people within a certain range. An example of this type of laser sensors is the L-LAS-LT-130-SL with a measuring range between 50 and 210 mm. The sensor emits a laser light beam and receives a reflection from a passing object, allowing it to judge the received reflection as a detection.

How manytypes oflaser

For example, there is the LAM 300 series, from Sensor Partners, with a measuring range of up to 3000 meters! Applications for these types of sensors are: Level measurements in silos, flow optimization in warehouses and the mooring of ships in container terminals. The sensor accurately calculates what the distance to a certain object is and ensure that for example a silo is not filled further than a predefined maximum. Several laser distance sensors are available in ATEX version, so that they can be used in environments with a risk of explosion due to the presence of gas and/or dust in the air.

Different reflectors use different shapes of mirrors. Parabolic mirrors will focus all incoming light rays to a single point. However, images from a parabolic mirror will have  a defect called coma, where images far from the center of the field of view are elongated. A spherical mirror surface is relatively easy to make, but different parts of a spherical mirror have slightly different focal lengths, so images will be fuzzy. Mirrors in modern telescopes area made in various shapes to correct for these errors. Some telescopes use a combination of mirrors and lenses. Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes use a spherical mirror with a correcting plate that corrects the focus.

Types of lasersfor skin

These laser are used in several application as a visual tool for the positioning of and on products. Think of the positioning of a wood saw over a tree trunk to cut it in a straight line. In addition, these lasers also serve for positioning, for example, screws to be attached. For example, the ZM18 series from Z-Laser consists of positioning lasers in the colors green, red and infrared that can project the laser light in different shapes: dot-, line-, and cross-shaped..

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The laser projector is useful in several industries such as automotive, textile or electronics. The ZLP1 laser projector from Z-Laser has been used, for example, in the production of the body of the Audi R8. The projection lasers can be used for positioning purposes, such as to guarantee correct attachment of components.

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These sensors are often used in application areas where (thin) sheets and plates of different materials (paper, cardboard, iron, etc.) must be detected on the basis of thickness in order to limit accumulations and production errors. For example, the RED-110 recognizes a transition difference between materials of no more than 0.1 mm! The sensor is also equipped with software that is optimized in such a way that it is insensitive to differences in contrast and gloss of the object to be detected.

LCO's 1.0 meter telescopes are quasi-Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes. A true Ritchey-Chrétien has a hyperbolic primary and a hyperbolic secondary mirror. In the design of LCOGT's 1.0 meter telescopes, the shape of the mirrors has been changed a bit in order to find a more optimal optical design for the system as a whole. Because the mirror shapes have changed, the 2 mirrors alone no longer are a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope in the strict definition of the design.  It is still close though, hence the name, "quasi-RC".

Types oflaser in Physics

The operation of these laser sensors is different from most. Namely, the positioning lasers transmit a projection and do not receive or process any further reflection.

What are the 3types of lasers

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Below we will discuss the different laser sensors with an explanation of their workings and usability in different applications.

Curved mirrors can bend light and make parallel light rays converge to a focus. This focus is directly in the path of the incoming light, so there are several ways of making images from the mirror visible. One is called a Newtonian reflector, where a flat mirror is used to point the light rays out to an eyepiece.

These are lasers that can provide a laser projection onto a desired surface. The projection is used to determine margins and dimensions or just a positioning within an application. The explanation about the operation and usability of the laser projector is an entire article in itself.