Sol-gel chemistry processing is one of the most commonplace techniques for creating anti-reflection coatings and lenses. It uses metal oxides and organic solvents to condense the compounds into an inorganic polymer bond. [5] Standard sol-gel techniques include meniscus coating, dip coating, and spin coating.

A smaller connector that serves many of the same uses as the Mini B connector, with added optional features such as Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL) to allow devices like smartphones to output video to larger displays without requiring a dedicated port for video output.

Furthermore, chemical vapour deposition or sol-gel chemistry creates a durable, strong AR coating. However, the process is prohibitively expensive, particularly for multi-layer stacks. Additionally, multi-layer filters are highly sensitive to variations in the refractive index and coating thickness. [3,4,5]

One of the first connectors for charging a smartphone, wireless game controller (such as the Sixaxis and DualShock 3), and other small devices such as external hard drives. Not commonly used today, but is still used in some cases. Most devices using USB Mini B are using USB 2.0, though a USB 3.0 variant does exist. This specification also added USB On-The-Go (OTG) functionality, though it is more commonly implemented with Micro USB.

Next, we’ll summarise the different manufacturing processes for anti-reflection coatings and lenses. These processes fall under two primary categories: conventional techniques and non-conventional techniques. [5] Of course, cutting-edge equipment – such as the HEX Series deposition system we manufacture – is necessary for creating anti-reflection coatings. Conventional techniques include top-down and bottom-up technologies. [3,5]

However, the inherent differences and bonds between the coating’s thin layer and the front and back surfaces of the substrate impact durability, hardness, strength, refraction, and reflectability. [1,3] Therefore, most anti-glare coatings are vulnerable to abrasion, which can pull off the coating on the lens surface. Thermal cycling and solvents can also cause stress or damage to the bond. [5]

Anti-reflective coating and anti-glare lenses have dozens of practical uses for modern-day technology thanks to their unique properties. However, that doesn’t mean manufacturing AR coatings is easily accessible or affordable for the masses. As with any delicate and complex manufacturing process, there are certain limitations to consider.

Another common limitation occurs with quarter-wavelength anti-reflection coatings. To lower the refractive index, manufacturers must use a porous coating material, which occurs in a single processing step. However, the coating’s porous nature reduces its strength and could make it more vulnerable to contamination. [3,4,5]

An anti-glare coating works by splitting light waves into two reflections. The split creates destructive interference, causing the light waves to cancel each other partially or entirely. [4] How the light waves travel and behave through mediums and interfaces determines how the AR coating will work. [5]

Of course, the properties of an anti-reflection coating directly influence its useful lifespan. In particular, optoelectronic devices like camera lenses and touchscreens require the best anti-reflective coating possible. Ideally, the coating should have broadband, ultrathin thickness, and non-iridescent properties. [3]

As you can see, anti-reflective coatings offer modern-day technology a world of opportunities for improving products, efficiency, and our quality of life. At Korvus Technology, we’re proud to be the leading source for deposition systems in the UK. To learn more, check out our blog or contact us online.

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It can provide data transfer rates up to the USB 3.1 Gen 2 (10 gbps) specification depending on the host and device, but does not directly support video in the way that USB-C Alternate Mode does. This limitation makes DisplayLink USB graphics adapters and docking stations ideal on systems that do not have USB-C, or in instances where more displays are needed beyond available video outputs of a PC.

2. Burghoorn, M., et al. (2013). Single layer broadband anti-reflective coatings for plastic substrates produced by full wafer and roll-to-roll step-and-flash nano-imprint lithography. Materials, 6(9), 3710–3726. Retrieved August 25, 2022, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452668/, 10.3390/ma6093710.

The path length of the incident light will differ, reducing destructive interference. Many applications require single-layer anti-reflection coating, including photodiodes, lasers, and solar cells. However, the reflection dip in a single-layer anti-reflection coating makes it unfeasible for displays, lenses, and glasses. [3]

Note 2: Not a USB PD (Power Delivery) cable. Please note that smartphones and tablets may not deliver power through this cable.

Yes, this USBC-AF3 cable supports USB 3.0. You should be able to connect your legacy USB 3.0 HUB as same as before by using this adapter cable.

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Most manufacturers switch between a low and high refractive index when depositing layers. Generally, anti-reflection coatings with multiple layers provide stronger broadband performance. However, the cost of manufacturing multi-layer anti-reflection coatings is prohibitive. [5] These coatings are more sophisticated than single-layer coatings and essential for optical applications, like lenses, astronomy, and aerospace telemetry. [1]

Since this cable is a passive adapter and is short in length, its functionality prevents signal interference and timing issues associated with active cables. Adapter cable features clean shielding and is completely plug and play. (Though please note devices connected to the adapter will require drivers as normal.)

“V” AR coatings are for highly specialised applications that single- and multi-layer coatings are unsuitable for, like high-frequency lasers. Other applications include high index lenses, anti-reflective glasses with UV protection and less glare, digital microscopy, fibre optics, engraving, and more. [5]

Once light passes through the air and meets a medium, the Fresnel equations can determine the amount of light reflected and transmitted, depending on the refractive indices. [1,3] The following equation defines the fraction of reflected light:

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Generally, anti-reflection coating applications have two purposes (besides eliminating reflections): to improve an object’s aesthetic or efficiency. [2] Regarding aesthetics, applications include anti-glare glasses, picture glass, and electronic displays.

The mechanical and chemical properties of anti-reflective lens coatings make them invaluable for modern-day applications, including anti-glare glasses, lasers, display screens, optic lenses, and solar panels.

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I connected my USB Ethernet adapter to my smartphone by using this USBC-AF3 adapter cable, but it cannot connect to the network. Why is that?

Connect the USB-C plug into your laptop, phone, tablet, or USB-C peripheral.Plug in a USB-A plug or cable into the socket end of the adapter cable.Questions? We're here to help! Please reach out to us at support@plugable.com

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Nanostructured lenses with AR coatings that have a gradient to increase the refractive index have effective anti-reflection properties. However, the nanostructures in the topcoat are a double-edged sword as they decrease the mechanical strength of the coating. [3,4,5]

Through thin film and vacuum deposition technology, you can apply an AR coating to an object’s surface (like that of a standard lens), reducing light reflections and eye strain. [3] Anti-reflection coatings also depend on their refractive index to minimise light loss on lens surfaces. [1,4,5]

Some manufacturers use non-conventional techniques when creating an anti-reflective coating. Lithography falls under this category and consists of patterning the substrate surface with microscopic features. [5]

Note 1: Phones and non-Windows tablets with USB-C may not have the necessary drivers or power for attached legacy USB devices.

A single-layer AR coating may only become anti-reflective at a single wavelength, typically in the visible middle. [4] When depositing single-layer quarter-wavelength AR coatings, they can reduce surface reflectivity for incidence angle and limited wavelengths. [3]

Through our Male USB-C to Female USB 3.0 Cable (USBC-AF3), you can plug almost any legacy USB 1.1, 2.0, or 3.0 device you own into your new USB-C or Thunderbolt 3 equipped laptop, tablet, or phone.

This type of connection comes in a couple different styles depending on whether USB 3.0 and higher transfer rates are supported (bottom graphic). Usually this type of connection is used to plug into USB devices that do not have a fixed cable connected, such as USB docking stations, USB hubs, printers, and others.

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If you have purchased a Plugable product to use with your Apple SuperDrive, and would like some additional assistance please do not hesitate to reach out. You can do so by emailing support@plugable.com, or going to Plugable.com/Support.

It is important to note that while all Thunderbolt 3 and Thunderbolt 4 connections are USB-C, not all USB-C connections can be used with Thunderbolt 3 or Thunderbolt 4 devices.

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If you’ve ever squinted reflexively after a bright sunbeam reflected off your windshield, you probably wished for a pair of sunglasses with an anti-reflective coating on the lenses to cut the glare. While light reflection is necessary for objects like mirrors, it causes absorption in glasses, telescopes, and lenses. However, depositing a special coating on the object’s surface (as in anti-reflective lenses) reduces reflections and glare, improving visual acuity. [1]

A “V” anti-reflection coating follows the same transmission and light reflectance principles as a single-layer coating. However, it undergoes optimisation to improve performance within a small niche of wavelengths. [1] The name derives from its high refractive index, creating a “V” shape that curves over multiple wavelengths. The centre arcs around each design wavelength (DWL). [5]

Antireflectivecoatingglasses vs blue light

It is possible that your phone does not support the USB Ethernet adapter. This means that the device driver for the USB Ethernet adapter has not been installed into your phone, or not activated, or has some other problem. In order to make any USB devices work by using this USBC-AF3 adapter, the proper device driver for the USB device must be running in the system.

Micro-replication is another type of non-conventional manufacturing process. It involves a roll-to-roll process replicating nanostructures on a thermoplastic film surface, such as PVC. The photo-aligning technique is another method that minimises transmission to 99.1%. [5]

The most recent USB connection, USB Type-C (USB-C), represents a major change in what USB can do. The connector is smaller, can be connected in two orientations, is able to carry substantially more power and data, and can directly carry video signals of multiple types (HDMI, DisplayPort, etc.) Intel has also adapted the USB-C connector for use with Thunderbolt 3 and Thunderbolt 4.

3. Keshavarz Hedayati, M., & Elbahri, M. (2022). Antireflective coatings: Conventional stacking layers and ultrathin plasmonic metasurfaces, a mini-review.” Materials 9(6), 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060497

A multi-layer AR coating contains multiple microscopic layers to improve performance and minimise reflection to less than 0.1% of incident light. Each thin layer is deposited onto the surface substrate to increase the destructive interference, maximising transmission. [3,5]

5. Raut, H. K., Ganesh, V. A., Nair, A. S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2011). Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review. Energy & Environmental Science, 4(10), 3779–3804. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01297e

The anti-reflective coating cost varies based on the manufacturing process, necessary equipment, intended use, surface substrate, etc. [2] However, we’re happy to answer questions regarding the cost of anti-reflection coatings and how they can add value to your business.

More details regarding physical USB connections can be found on Wikipedia . The graphics depicted here are adapted from Wikimedia Commons by various artists under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

1. Bauer, G. (n.d.). Anti-reflection coatings. PVEducation. Retrieved August 25, 2022, from https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/design-of-silicon-cells/anti-reflection-coatings

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The manufacturing process for anti-reflection coatings presents significant limitations. Most techniques cannot accommodate the deposition of AR coating on large-scale surfaces.

The Apple SuperDrive has stringent power requirements that can only be met by directly connecting the SuperDrive to your host laptop. As a result at this time Apple recommends only using their USB-C adapter cables. You can find more information on that here → How to connect the Apple USB SuperDrive

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This is the standard USB connection that most computers offered prior to the introduction of USB Type-C (USB-C). Even after the introduction of USB Type-C, this is still quite common.

As a USB 3.0 cable, our USB-C to female Type-A cable supports up to 5Gbps SuperSpeed transfers for USB 3.0 devices, with backwards compatibility for USB 1.1 and 2.0 devices. USB 3.0 adapters like this one are also known as USB 3.1 Gen 1 or USB 3.2 Gen 1. In terms of functionality, it offers the same throughput as USB 3.0 with transfer speeds up to 5Gbps, and does not support USB PD (Power Delivery).

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However, other applications like telephoto lens material, light-emitting diodes, and solar cell panels require AR coatings that maximise efficiency. [2] An anti-reflective lens coating that improves vision is also ideal for increasing available light transmission, enhancing contrast, eliminating ghost images, and sharpening visible focus.

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Physical and chemical vapour deposition are two other common manufacturing methods and require using complex deposition systems like the HEX Series. Etching is another conventional technique, but it uses selective surface ablation to achieve the desired AR coating. [3,5]

The equation calculates the index of refraction for an optimal AR coating that will reduce reflections off the surface. [1,5]

At Korvus Technology, we’re the UK’s premier source for thin film manufacturing, and over 25 organisations, universities, and brands trust our HEX Series deposition system. In this article, we’ll explain anti-reflection coatings, including different types, how they work, limitations, common uses, and more.

4. Nave, R. (n.d.). Anti-reflection coatings. HyperPhysics. Retrieved August 25, 2022, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/antiref.html