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The table below provides links to all of our 30 mm Cage-Cube-Mounted optics. For our selection of 16 mm Cage-Cube-Mounted Optics, please see our 16 mm Cage Systems guide.

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Please note that we have a buffer built in between the specified damage thresholds online and the tests which we have done, which accommodates variation between batches. Upon request, we can provide individual test information and a testing certificate. The damage analysis will be carried out on a similar optic (customer's optic will not be damaged). Testing may result in additional costs or lead times. Contact Tech Support for more information.

Cage System CompatibilityEach beamsplitter cube is epoxied within the cage cube mount and cannot be removed from the mount. The cage cube can be mounted onto an optical post using a bottom-located 8-32 or M4 tap. Each of the four through ports includes SM1 (1.035"-40) threading for compatibility with SM1-enabled components, such as lens tubes or additional CRM05 rotation mounts. The CM1-CC connector is available to connect multiple cubes side-by-side using the two smooth-bore holes surrounding each through-port; the coupler cannot be used on the sides utilizing the SM1-threaded port. Additionally, these mounted variable beamsplitters can be connected to other cage cubes through the use of our cage rods and ERSCB adapters, as shown in the image to the right.

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Beam splitter

Thorlabs' Variable Beamsplitters allow the user to continuously vary the transmitted intensity of a linearly polarized beam of light. This is accomplished by first rotating an incoming, linearly polarized beam using a half-wave plate in a rotation mount. The light is then split into its s- and p-polarized components by a polarizing beamsplitter cube allowing the user to achieve continuously variable split ratios. This effect is often used in holography and interferometry. Items are offered that allow for the continuous adjustement of either laser-line wavelengths or broadband wavelength ranges.

The adjusted LIDT value of 350 W/cm x (1319 nm / 1550 nm) = 298 W/cm is significantly higher than the calculated maximum linear power density of the laser system, so it would be safe to use this doublet lens for this application.

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In normal operation, the variable beamsplitters utilize a half-wave plate to rotate the polarization of a previously linearly polarized beam of light. At the beamsplitter interface, P-polarized light will be transmitted, while S-polarized light will be reflected. By choosing the correct orientation with the half-wave plate, one can determine the amount of P-polarized and S-polarized light incident upon the interface (as shown in Figure 1).

LIDT in energy density vs. pulse length and spot size. For short pulses, energy density becomes a constant with spot size. This graph was obtained from [1].

The calculation above assumes a uniform beam intensity profile. You must now consider hotspots in the beam or other non-uniform intensity profiles and roughly calculate a maximum power density. For reference, a Gaussian beam typically has a maximum power density that is twice that of the uniform beam (see lower right).

As described above, the maximum energy density of a Gaussian beam is about twice the average energy density. So, the maximum energy density of this beam is ~0.7 J/cm2.

Use this formula to calculate the Adjusted LIDT for an optic based on your pulse length. If your maximum energy density is less than this adjusted LIDT maximum energy density, then the optic should be suitable for your application. Keep in mind that this calculation is only used for pulses between 10-9 s and 10-7 s. For pulses between 10-7 s and 10-4 s, the CW LIDT must also be checked before deeming the optic appropriate for your application.

Now compare the maximum energy density to that which is specified as the LIDT for the optic. If the optic was tested at a wavelength other than your operating wavelength, the damage threshold must be scaled appropriately [3]. A good rule of thumb is that the damage threshold has an inverse square root relationship with wavelength such that as you move to shorter wavelengths, the damage threshold decreases (i.e., a LIDT of 1 J/cm2 at 1064 nm scales to 0.7 J/cm2 at 532 nm):

While this rule of thumb provides a general trend, it is not a quantitative analysis of LIDT vs wavelength. In CW applications, for instance, damage scales more strongly with absorption in the coating and substrate, which does not necessarily scale well with wavelength. While the above procedure provides a good rule of thumb for LIDT values, please contact Tech Support if your wavelength is different from the specified LIDT wavelength. If your power density is less than the adjusted LIDT of the optic, then the optic should work for your application.

To illustrate how intrinsic chromatic ellipticity caused by an achromatic wave plates affects a broadband input beam to a broadband variable beamsplitter, each of our beamsplitters was analyzed using a linearly polarized broadband light source over their operating wavelength. The maximum transmission from the transmitting arm of the assembly was achieved by aligning the transmitted polarization axis to the input polarization axis. Then the achromatic wave plate was rotated 90° to achieve the lowest possible transmission out of the transmitting arm. The resulting plots show a variation in the transmitted light across the wavelength of the cube. Therefore, even attenuation across the entire range cannot be achieved with a broadband beam. This sample data represents one test of each beamsplitter and does not represent the performance of all of the broadband variable beamsplitters. For more even attenuation of broadband beams, consider incorporating a variable neutral density filter.

Polarizingbeam splitter

CW Laser ExampleSuppose that a CW laser system at 1319 nm produces a 0.5 W Gaussian beam that has a 1/e2 diameter of 10 mm. A naive calculation of the average linear power density of this beam would yield a value of 0.5 W/cm, given by the total power divided by the beam diameter:

Lateral displacementbeam splitter

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An AC127-030-C achromatic doublet lens has a specified CW LIDT of 350 W/cm, as tested at 1550 nm. CW damage threshold values typically scale directly with the wavelength of the laser source, so this yields an adjusted LIDT value:

Each beamsplitter cube is coated on its hypotenuse with a laser-line beamspitting coating which achieves a >3000:1 extinction ratio. Its faces are coated with an AR coating giving Rabs < 0.25% per surface at the design wavelength. The mechanical housing for these optics limits the clear aperture to Ø10.0 mm.

Please note that we have a buffer built in between the specified damage thresholds online and the tests which we have done, which accommodates variation between batches. Upon request, we can provide individual test information and a testing certificate. Contact Tech Support for more information.

Pulsed Nanosecond Laser Example: Scaling for Different Pulse DurationsSuppose that a pulsed Nd:YAG laser system is frequency tripled to produce a 10 Hz output, consisting of 2 ns output pulses at 355 nm, each with 1 J of energy, in a Gaussian beam with a 1.9 cm beam diameter (1/e2). The average energy density of each pulse is found by dividing the pulse energy by the beam area:

Now compare the maximum power density to that which is specified as the LIDT for the optic. If the optic was tested at a wavelength other than your operating wavelength, the damage threshold must be scaled appropriately. A good rule of thumb is that the damage threshold has a linear relationship with wavelength such that as you move to shorter wavelengths, the damage threshold decreases (i.e., a LIDT of 10 W/cm at 1310 nm scales to 5 W/cm at 655 nm):

Broadband variable beamsplitters are used to adjust the percentage of transmitted light through the assembly at a variety of wavelengths by rotating a linearly polarized beam with an achromatic wave plate. The resulting beam will have a mixed linear polarization state, the components of which will be separated by a polarizing beamsplitter cube. In an ideal case, this mixed linear polarization state will be identical at all wavelengths within the operating range of the assembly.

Pulsed Nanosecond Laser Example: Scaling for Different WavelengthsSuppose that a pulsed laser system emits 10 ns pulses at 2.5 Hz, each with 100 mJ of energy at 1064 nm in a 16 mm diameter beam (1/e2) that must be attenuated with a neutral density filter. For a Gaussian output, these specifications result in a maximum energy density of 0.1 J/cm2. The damage threshold of an NDUV10A Ø25 mm, OD 1.0, reflective neutral density filter is 0.05 J/cm2 for 10 ns pulses at 355 nm, while the damage threshold of the similar NE10A absorptive filter is 10 J/cm2 for 10 ns pulses at 532 nm. As described on the previous tab, the LIDT value of an optic scales with the square root of the wavelength in the nanosecond pulse regime:

The pulse length must now be compensated for. The longer the pulse duration, the more energy the optic can handle. For pulse widths between 1 - 100 ns, an approximation is as follows:

[1] R. M. Wood, Optics and Laser Tech. 29, 517 (1998).[2] Roger M. Wood, Laser-Induced Damage of Optical Materials (Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 2003).[3] C. W. Carr et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 127402 (2003).[4] N. Bloembergen, Appl. Opt. 12, 661 (1973).

If this relatively long-pulse laser emits a Gaussian 12.7 mm diameter beam (1/e2) at 980 nm, then the resulting output has a linear power density of 5.9 W/cm and an energy density of 1.2 x 10-4 J/cm2 per pulse. This can be compared to the LIDT values for a WPQ10E-980 polymer zero-order quarter-wave plate, which are 5 W/cm for CW radiation at 810 nm and 5 J/cm2 for a 10 ns pulse at 810 nm. As before, the CW LIDT of the optic scales linearly with the laser wavelength, resulting in an adjusted CW value of 6 W/cm at 980 nm. On the other hand, the pulsed LIDT scales with the square root of the laser wavelength and the square root of the pulse duration, resulting in an adjusted value of 55 J/cm2 for a 1 µs pulse at 980 nm. The pulsed LIDT of the optic is significantly greater than the energy density of the laser pulse, so individual pulses will not damage the wave plate. However, the large average linear power density of the laser system may cause thermal damage to the optic, much like a high-power CW beam.

The energy density of your beam should be calculated in terms of J/cm2. The graph to the right shows why expressing the LIDT as an energy density provides the best metric for short pulse sources. In this regime, the LIDT given as an energy density can be applied to any beam diameter; one does not need to compute an adjusted LIDT to adjust for changes in spot size. This calculation assumes a uniform beam intensity profile. You must now adjust this energy density to account for hotspots or other nonuniform intensity profiles and roughly calculate a maximum energy density. For reference a Gaussian beam typically has a maximum energy density that is twice that of the 1/e2 beam.

LIDT in linear power density vs. pulse length and spot size. For long pulses to CW, linear power density becomes a constant with spot size. This graph was obtained from [1].

However, the maximum power density of a Gaussian beam is about twice the maximum power density of a uniform beam, as shown in the graph to the right. Therefore, a more accurate determination of the maximum linear power density of the system is 1 W/cm.

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Alignment PinsPlease note that because dowel alignment pins are used, the connector requires drilled holes on the cube face between the SM1-threaded (1.035"-40) ports. If you have an older cube and would like it updated to have alignment holes for free, please contact Technical Support. Alternatively, the alignment pins are press-fit inside their mounting holes, and can be pressed out for use with cubes that do not have these alignment holes.

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In order to illustrate the process of determining whether a given laser system will damage an optic, a number of example calculations of laser induced damage threshold are given below. For assistance with performing similar calculations, we provide a spreadsheet calculator that can be downloaded by clicking the button to the right. To use the calculator, enter the specified LIDT value of the optic under consideration and the relevant parameters of your laser system in the green boxes. The spreadsheet will then calculate a linear power density for CW and pulsed systems, as well as an energy density value for pulsed systems. These values are used to calculate adjusted, scaled LIDT values for the optics based on accepted scaling laws. This calculator assumes a Gaussian beam profile, so a correction factor must be introduced for other beam shapes (uniform, etc.). The LIDT scaling laws are determined from empirical relationships; their accuracy is not guaranteed. Remember that absorption by optics or coatings can significantly reduce LIDT in some spectral regions. These LIDT values are not valid for ultrashort pulses less than one nanosecond in duration.

For a broadband input beam utilizing a large part of the operating range of the assembly, the wave plate will impart a slight chromatic ellipticity to the beam, i.e. each discrete wavelength within the input beam’s spectrum will have its polarization rotated at a different angle. This causes varying intensities of the output polarization based on wavelength, resulting in an unevenly attenuated beam.

As previously stated, pulsed lasers typically induce a different type of damage to the optic than CW lasers. Pulsed lasers often do not heat the optic enough to damage it; instead, pulsed lasers produce strong electric fields capable of inducing dielectric breakdown in the material. Unfortunately, it can be very difficult to compare the LIDT specification of an optic to your laser. There are multiple regimes in which a pulsed laser can damage an optic and this is based on the laser's pulse length. The highlighted columns in the table below outline the relevant pulse lengths for our specified LIDT values.

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Once through the beamsplitter, light may be reflected back from various optical elements in the system. To protect your light source from these reflections, a simple isolator may be created by the addition of a quarter-wave plate. This isolation will utilize the transmission/reflection properties of polarized light at the beamsplitter interface. In order to isolate the input port, the polarization of the exit beams must be rotated 90 degrees.

Pulses shorter than 10-9 s cannot be compared to our specified LIDT values with much reliability. In this ultra-short-pulse regime various mechanics, such as multiphoton-avalanche ionization, take over as the predominate damage mechanism [2]. In contrast, pulses between 10-7 s and 10-4 s may cause damage to an optic either because of dielectric breakdown or thermal effects. This means that both CW and pulsed damage thresholds must be compared to the laser beam to determine whether the optic is suitable for your application.

The CM1-CC cage cube connector allows two or more CM1 or CCM1 style cubes to be connected as shown in the image to the right. The CM1 and CCM1 series of cage cubes, which are all compatible with this connector, include empty cubes, empty dichroic cubes, mounted beamsplitters, mounted penta prisms, and mounted turning mirrors. The CM1-CC cage cube connector includes four 4-40 button-head screws, two 4-40 flat-head screws, four washers, and a 1/16" hex key.

When pulse lengths are between 1 ns and 1 µs, laser-induced damage can occur either because of absorption or a dielectric breakdown (therefore, a user must check both CW and pulsed LIDT). Absorption is either due to an intrinsic property of the optic or due to surface irregularities; thus LIDT values are only valid for optics meeting or exceeding the surface quality specifications given by a manufacturer. While many optics can handle high power CW lasers, cemented (e.g., achromatic doublets) or highly absorptive (e.g., ND filters) optics tend to have lower CW damage thresholds. These lower thresholds are due to absorption or scattering in the cement or metal coating.

According to the test, the damage threshold of the mirror was 2.00 J/cm2 (532 nm, 10 ns pulse, 10 Hz, Ø0.803 mm). Please keep in mind that these tests are performed on clean optics, as dirt and contamination can significantly lower the damage threshold of a component. While the test results are only representative of one coating run, Thorlabs specifies damage threshold values that account for coating variances.

Beam diameter is also important to know when comparing damage thresholds. While the LIDT, when expressed in units of J/cm², scales independently of spot size; large beam sizes are more likely to illuminate a larger number of defects which can lead to greater variances in the LIDT [4]. For data presented here, a <1 mm beam size was used to measure the LIDT. For beams sizes greater than 5 mm, the LIDT (J/cm2) will not scale independently of beam diameter due to the larger size beam exposing more defects.

The following is a general overview of how laser induced damage thresholds are measured and how the values may be utilized in determining the appropriateness of an optic for a given application. When choosing optics, it is important to understand the Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of the optics being used. The LIDT for an optic greatly depends on the type of laser you are using. Continuous wave (CW) lasers typically cause damage from thermal effects (absorption either in the coating or in the substrate). Pulsed lasers, on the other hand, often strip electrons from the lattice structure of an optic before causing thermal damage. Note that the guideline presented here assumes room temperature operation and optics in new condition (i.e., within scratch-dig spec, surface free of contamination, etc.). Because dust or other particles on the surface of an optic can cause damage at lower thresholds, we recommend keeping surfaces clean and free of debris. For more information on cleaning optics, please see our Optics Cleaning tutorial.

As seen in Figure 2, once light exits the beamsplitter, the quarter-wave plate converts the P-polarized light into right circularly polarized light. To ensure circular polarization, the polarization axis of the output beam (the beam transmitted straight through the beamsplitter cube in Figure 2) must be incident upon the quarter-wave plate at an angle of 45° with respect to the fast and slow axis. This can be accomplished, as shown above, by using our CRM1PT Precision Cage Rotation Mount.

Achromatic wave plates inherently have a variance in their retardance and transmission over their operating range. This causes the mixed linear polarization state incident on the polarizing beamsplitter cube to vary by wavelength. When using a narrow section of the broadband variable beamsplitter’s operating range, the physical rotation angle of the wave plate will need to be adjusted by the user depending both on the input wavelength and desired splitting ratio.

This adjustment factor results in LIDT values of 0.45 J/cm2 for the BB1-E01 broadband mirror and 1.6 J/cm2 for the Nd:YAG laser line mirror, which are to be compared with the 0.7 J/cm2 maximum energy density of the beam. While the broadband mirror would likely be damaged by the laser, the more specialized laser line mirror is appropriate for use with this system.

Thorlabs' LIDT testing is done in compliance with ISO/DIS 11254 and ISO 21254 specifications.First, a low-power/energy beam is directed to the optic under test. The optic is exposed in 10 locations to this laser beam for 30 seconds (CW) or for a number of pulses (pulse repetition frequency specified). After exposure, the optic is examined by a microscope (~100X magnification) for any visible damage. The number of locations that are damaged at a particular power/energy level is recorded. Next, the power/energy is either increased or decreased and the optic is exposed at 10 new locations. This process is repeated until damage is observed. The damage threshold is then assigned to be the highest power/energy that the optic can withstand without causing damage. A histogram such as that below represents the testing of one BB1-E02 mirror.

Other Cage Cube OptionsIf you require an attenuator for higher power applications, consider constructing your own using our mounted high-power polarizing beamsplitter cubes, Ø1/2" zero-order half-wave plates, and an SM1-threaded 1/2" rotation mount, such as the CRM05 continuous rotation mount. Attenuators with different wavelengths can also be built in the same way. Thorlabs also offers empty compact 30 mm cage cubes for mounting a variety of different cube optics or prisms. For a complete selection of our cube-mounted optics please see the Mounted Optics Guide tab.

The energy density of the beam can be compared to the LIDT values of 1 J/cm2 and 3.5 J/cm2 for a BB1-E01 broadband dielectric mirror and an NB1-K08 Nd:YAG laser line mirror, respectively. Both of these LIDT values, while measured at 355 nm, were determined with a 10 ns pulsed laser at 10 Hz. Therefore, an adjustment must be applied for the shorter pulse duration of the system under consideration. As described on the previous tab, LIDT values in the nanosecond pulse regime scale with the square root of the laser pulse duration:

Buybeam splitter

These beamsplitters are aligned to integrate easily into systems using Thorlabs' Ø1" lens tubes and 30 mm cage systems. The mounted half-wave plate is in a compact rotation mount designed to not interfere with the use of cage rods on the same side as the rotation mount. Using this mount to rotate the waveplate allows for continuous adjustment of the splitting ratio of the system. Additional wave plates can be used to isolate the input beam port from back reflections or to rotate the output polarization, as shown in the Applications tab.

We also offer the C4W-CC to connect two 2" wide 30 mm cage cubes. Both C4W-CC and CM1-CC cage cube connectors can be used to connect one 1.5" wide 30 mm cage cube, such as our CCM1-4ER(/M), with a 2" wide 30 mm cage cube.

Thorlabs' Broadband Variable Beamsplitters are constructed with an achromatic wave plate in a rotation mount and a 1" standard polarizing beamsplitter cube in a 30 mm cage cube. Each beamsplitter cube is coated on its hypotenuse with a broadband beamspitting coating which achieves a >1000:1 extinction ratio. Its faces are coated with an AR coating giving Ravg < 0.5% per surface over the design wavelength range. The mechanical housing for these optics limits the clear aperture to Ø10.0 mm. It should be noted that a broadband source transmitting light through the assembly will not be evenly attenuated across its entire bandwidth due to the performance of the achromatic wave plate. For more on how and why these uneven attenuations occur, see the Applications tab.

When an optic is damaged by a continuous wave (CW) laser, it is usually due to the melting of the surface as a result of absorbing the laser's energy or damage to the optical coating (antireflection) [1]. Pulsed lasers with pulse lengths longer than 1 µs can be treated as CW lasers for LIDT discussions.

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Thorlabs' Laser-Line Variable Beamsplitters are constructed with a zero-order half-wave plate in a rotation mount and a 1" laser-line polarizing beamsplitter cube in a 30 mm cage cube. Together, they can achieve continuously variable split ratios of transmitted, polarized light.

Pulsed lasers with high pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) may behave similarly to CW beams. Unfortunately, this is highly dependent on factors such as absorption and thermal diffusivity, so there is no reliable method for determining when a high PRF laser will damage an optic due to thermal effects. For beams with a high PRF both the average and peak powers must be compared to the equivalent CW power. Additionally, for highly transparent materials, there is little to no drop in the LIDT with increasing PRF.

Diffractivebeam splitter

Upon reflection from the front surface of a lens or mirror, the polarization will be transformed from right to left handed. As seen in Figure 3, as the light passes through the quarter-wave plate, it will once again be converted to a linearly polarized beam. It is important to mention that this beam will be orthogonal to the initial polarization direction and will be reflected towards the unused port of the beamsplitter. This prevents contamination of the two linearly polarized output beams. To truly isolate the input port of the Variable Beamsplitter/Attenuator, two quarter-wave plates must be used. The polarization of each output beam must be individually rotated and accounted for. For isolation of high-power beams or greater isolation levels, please see our line of optical isolators.

Thorlabs expresses LIDT for CW lasers as a linear power density measured in W/cm. In this regime, the LIDT given as a linear power density can be applied to any beam diameter; one does not need to compute an adjusted LIDT to adjust for changes in spot size, as demonstrated by the graph to the right. Average linear power density can be calculated using the equation below.

Pulsed Microsecond Laser ExampleConsider a laser system that produces 1 µs pulses, each containing 150 µJ of energy at a repetition rate of 50 kHz, resulting in a relatively high duty cycle of 5%. This system falls somewhere between the regimes of CW and pulsed laser induced damage, and could potentially damage an optic by mechanisms associated with either regime. As a result, both CW and pulsed LIDT values must be compared to the properties of the laser system to ensure safe operation.

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This scaling gives adjusted LIDT values of 0.08 J/cm2 for the reflective filter and 14 J/cm2 for the absorptive filter. In this case, the absorptive filter is the best choice in order to avoid optical damage.

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Two cage cube-mounted turning mirrors cannot be connected using the CM1-CC due to a lack of Ø6 mm cage rod holes on two sides of the cube.