s-polarization vs ppolarization

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A camera is an instrument used to take, or record, pictures of people and objects. Some cameras record single, still pictures called photographs. Movie cameras and video cameras record moving pictures. These are called movies, films, or videos.

The U.S. inventor Thomas Edison and the French Lumière brothers developed movie cameras in the late 1800s. Digital cameras did not appear until the 1990s.

Polarizationexamples

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In 1837 a Frenchman, Louis Daguerre, found a way to record the images made by a camera obscura on metal plates. These pictures were called daguerreotypes. Around the same time an Englishman named William Henry Fox Talbot used a similar box to record images on paper. These men had created the first modern cameras.

A digital camera works in a similar way as a traditional camera. However, it captures the image on an electronic chip rather than on film. The chip is a light sensor that turns the image into electric signals. Most digital cameras have a small screen that displays the image right away. The camera can also store the image on a memory card. Photographers can transfer the stored image to a computer. This allows them to view, e-mail, or print out the image.

A traditional camera is a lightproof box. The box contains an aperture, or opening, that lets light in for a certain amount of time. A part called a shutter opens and closes the aperture. This controls the amount of light coming into the camera.

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Polarization opticsreview

When polarization is referenced to an optical component’s optical axis, the states are referred to as “S” and “P” states. These stand for perpendicular (S) and parallel (P). The “S” stands for “senkrecht” which is German, and translates to “perpendicular” in English.

Linearpolarization

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There are many types of traditional cameras. Some are fully automatic. This means that the camera focuses and allows in the right amount of light to take a good picture. The photographer needs only to aim the camera and press a button. Other cameras allow the photographer to make these adjustments by hand.

Linearly polarized light

Polarizationof electromagnetic waves pdf

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Ellipticalpolarization

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Where theta is the angle between the polarization axis of the polarizer and the polarization direction of the incident light, I_0 is the incident light source power, and I_{transmitted} is the transmitted power.

In the late 1800s the U.S. inventor George Eastman made a camera that brought photography to the general public. Before this time cameras were heavy, complicated, and expensive. Eastman’s camera was small and easy to use. People simply pushed a button to take pictures and then sent the film to Eastman’s factory to be printed.

Light from an object, or subject, passes into the camera through one or more lenses. The lenses focus the light onto film stored in the camera. The chemically coated film reacts to the light and records an image, or picture, of the object. Photographers then remove the film from the camera. With special chemicals, they use the film to make prints of the image on paper.

The word camera comes from the Latin words camera obscura, which mean “dark chamber.” This is because the earliest experiments with capturing images took place in a darkened chamber, or room.

Movie cameras are like traditional cameras, but they record moving images. They do this by taking many still pictures in a row—usually 24 or 30 each second. They record images on a reel of film. When a movie projector shows the pictures on the film one after the other, the images appear to be moving. Video cameras, or camcorders, record moving images on magnetic tape. Digital camcorders store moving images as electric signals.

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Circularpolarization

In ancient times people used a camera obscura to view eclipses of the Sun. They stood in a small, dark room that had only a tiny hole to let in light. An upside-down image of the scene outside appeared on the wall across from the hole. Later, people made portable boxes that worked like the ancient camera obscura. A mirror reflected the image outside the box and onto a screen.

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Huygens’ work laid the foundation for understanding polarization, although the term “polarization” itself was not coined until later. His insights were instrumental in explaining various optical phenomena, including the behavior of light as it interacts with different materials, such as crystals and lenses.

Otherwise, if polarization is being referenced in a general way we use the terms “horizontal” and “vertical” with some surface (such as a breadboard) being the reference.

The original discovery of polarization of light is attributed to the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in the 17th century. In 1690, Huygens proposed that light consists of waves that propagate through a medium, much like waves in water. He observed that when light passes through certain materials or is reflected at certain angles, its oscillations become aligned in a specific direction.