Transversechromatic aberration

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Sphericalaberration

In spherical aberration, rays of light from a point on the optical axis of a spherical lens do not all meet at the same image point. Rays passing closer to the center are focussed farther away than the rays passing through a circular zone near its rim. A circular cross-section is formed whenever a plane held perpendicular to the optical axis is made to intersect a cone. The area of the cross-section varies with the distance along the optical axis. The smallest size is known as the circle of least confusion. The most spherical aberration-free image is found at this distance.

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When the light of a single wavelength is considered, there are five monochromatic aberrations to be considered and they are:

Longitudinal chromatic aberrationcauses

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In optics, aberration is a property of optical systems such as lenses that results in light being spread out over some region of space rather than being focused to a point. An image-forming optical system with aberration will produce an image that is not sharp. Aberration can be caused due to a variety of reasons such as lens size, material, thickness and position of the object. In this article, let us learn more about aberration and its type.

Lateralchromatic aberration

Astigmatism is the result of the failure of a single zone of the lens to focus the image of an off-axis point at a single point. In the figure, we see two planes perpendicular to each other passing through the optical axis. These planes are known as the meridian plane and the sagittal plane, the meridian plane being the one containing the off-axis object point. Skew rays, rays not in the meridian plane are focused farther away from the lens than those lying in the plane. In either case, the rays do not meet in a point focus but as lines perpendicular to each other. Intermediate between these two positions, the images are elliptical in shape.

Longitudinal chromatic aberrationexamples

Longitudinal chromatic aberrationreddit

When the light is not monochromatic (not of a single wavelength), a sixth aberration is found in lenses but not in mirrors and is named chromatic aberration.

Lateral vslongitudinal chromatic aberration

The longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) of the eye creates a chromatic blur on the retina that is an important cue for accommodation. Although this mechanism can work optimally in broadband illuminants such as daylight, it is not clear how the system responds to the narrowband illuminants used by many modern displays. Here, we measured pupil and accommodative responses as well as visual acuity under narrowband light-emitting diode (LED) illuminants of different peak wavelengths. Observers were able to accommodate under narrowband light and compensate for the LCA of the eye, with no difference in the variability of the steady-state accommodation response between narrowband and broadband illuminants. Intriguingly, our subjects compensated more fully for LCA at nearer distances. That is, the difference in accommodation to different wavelengths became larger when the object was placed nearer the observer, causing the slope of the accommodation response curve to become shallower for shorter wavelengths and steeper for longer ones. Within the accommodative range of observers, accommodative errors were small and visual acuity normal. When comparing between illuminants, when accommodation was accurate, visual acuity was worst for blue narrowband light. This cannot be due to the sparser spacing for S-cones, as our stimuli had equal luminance and thus activated LM-cones roughly equally. It is likely because ocular LCA changes more rapidly at shorter wavelength and so the finite spectral bandwidth of LEDs corresponds to a greater dioptric range at shorter wavelengths. This effect disappears for larger accommodative errors, due to the increased depth of focus of the eye.

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The curvature of field and distortion refer to the location of image points with respect to one another. The former three aberrations mentioned so far can be corrected by making corrections in the design of the lens, but these two aberrations could remain. In curvature of the field, the image of a plane object perpendicular to the optical axis will lie on a paraboloidal surface known as the Petzval Surface. Distortion, on the other hand, refers to the deformation of an image. There are two kinds of deformation, namely barrel distortion and pincushion distortion.

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The name “Coma” is derived from the fact that a point image is blurred into a comet shape when rays from an off-axis object point are imaged by different zones of the lens. In spherical aberration, the images of an object point that fall on a plane perpendicular to the optical axis are circular in the shape of varying sizes and superimposed about a common centre. In a coma, the images of an off-axis object point are circular, of varying size, but displaced with respect to each other.

In an ideal lens, light from any given point of an object would pass through the lens and come together at a single point in the image plane. Contrary to ideal lenses, real lenses do not focus light to a single point. These deviations from the idealized lens performance are known as an aberration of the lens.

The failure of a lens to focus all colours in the same plane is known as chromatic aberration. The refractive index for red is least at the red end of the spectrum, hence the focal length of a lens in the air will be greater for red and green than it would be for blue and violet. Chromatic aberration affects magnification along the optical axis and the axis perpendicular to it. The former is known as longitudinal chromatic aberration and the latter is known as lateral chromatic aberration.

Longitudinal chromatic aberrationformula

Maydel Fernandez-Alonso, Abigail P. Finch, Gordon D. Love, Jenny C. A. Read; Ocular accommodation and wavelength: The effect of longitudinal chromatic aberration on the stimulus–response curve. Journal of Vision 2024;24(2):11. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.24.2.11.

The image depicts a case of spherical aberration. The most spherical aberration-free image is found at the circle of least confusion.

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The image shows two images, one resulting from a central cone of rays and the other from a cone passing through the rim.