EUV - Extreme Ultraviolet Materials - extreme ultraviolet

 2024-09-21 01:40:30

MPBC offers an all-fiber mode-locked femtosecond laser with a center wavelength of 1030 nm, an average output power of 10 mW, repetition rate of 25 MHz and pulse duration of 600 fs. Also, we have high-power mode-locked femtosecond fiber lasers which operate at 920 nm or 1190 nm – traditionally covered by ultrafast Ti:sapphire lasers and optical parametric oscillators. They generate linearly polarized nearly transformed-limited pulses with a pulse duration of 200 fs, at a repetition rate of 80 MHz, and an average power of 1 W.

FEMTOFLASH is an innovative laser that emits bursts of high frequency ultrashort-pulses for industrial micromachining. Unlike traditional single-pulse lasers, FEMTOFLASH emits bursts of high-frequency ultrashort pulses, clustering energy over multiple pulses at GHz level. This groundbreaking approach introduces a more efficient machining regime, ensuring unmatched speed and precision in micromachining processes. FEMTOFLASH's unique features include high burst energy, adjustable burst shapes and flexible number of pulses in the burst, providing users with unparalleled control over their applications.

Thorlabs manufactures an extensive selection of ultrafast lasers and related products for control and characterization. Applications from nonlinear excitation and amplifier seeding to THz and supercontinuum generation are served by a family of products covering a spectral range from 700 – 4500 nm. Our femtosecond laser offerings include fiber lasers, and our picosecond lasers include gain-switched and microchip lasers. Complimenting these laser systems is a suite of ultrafast optics, including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low-GDD optics, and related products for pulse measurement, pre-compensation, and dispersion measurement.

Radiantis manufacturers broadly tunable laser systems based on Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs). Our MHz repetition-rate femtosecond and picosecond lasers cover the visible and IR spectral regions. The laser systems include both a pump laser and the OPO in the same enclosure.

The VALO Series of ultrafast fiber lasers are unique in their design offering among the shortest femtosecond pulses and highest peak powers which can be obtained from a compact turn-key solution. Pulse durations of <50 fs are achieved using novel fiber laser based technology. The ultrashort pulse durations combined with computer controlled group velocity dispersion pre-compensation, allow users of the VALO lasers to achieve the highest peak power exactly where its needed, which makes the lasers ideal for use in multiphoton imaging, advanced spectroscopy and many other applications.

The NPS lasers are suitable for applications like OPO pumping, Raman or fluorescence spectroscopy and multimodal imaging.

where the numerator is equal to the least distance of distinct vision, which is roughly 250 mm for a human with normal vision.

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Due to their excellent stability and high output parameters, EKSPLA scientific picosecond lasers established their name as “Gold Standard” among scientific picosecond lasers. The innovative design of a new generation of picosecond mode-locked lasers features diode-pumping‑only technology, thus reducing maintenance costs and improving output parameters. Second, third, fourth and fifth (on some versions) harmonic options combined with various accessories, advanced electronics (for streak camera synchronization, phase-locked loop, synchronization of femtosecond laser) and customization possibilities make these lasers well suited for many scientific applications, including optical parametric generator pumping, time-resolved spectroscopy, nonlinear spectroscopy, remote sensing and metrology.

Menhir Photonics offers ultrafast mode-locked lasers at 1.5 μm wavelength. These lasers offer pulse width below 200 fs and fundamental pulse repetition rates that can be chosen from 250 MHz up to 2.5 GHz. These systems are hermetically sealed and all-in-one (laser and electronic is one box). Menhir Photonics’ products have been designed to achieve ultra-low-noise performances combined with high-reliability and robustness, to ensure that they can be used in any situation from laboratory setup to harsh environments.

AFS’s customized kW average power and multi-mJ pulse energy ultrafast laser systems are based on AFS leading-edge fiber technology. They unite multiple main-amplifier channels using coherent combination, a technology which AFS has matured to an industrial grade. All essential parameters are software-controlled and can be tuned over a wide range, making them an extremely valuable tool for numerous application.

The NPS lasers are suitable for applications like OPO pumping, Raman or fluorescence spectroscopy and multimodal imaging.

At the very least, even if the lens isn't thin enough to utilize the thin lens criterion, you will be able to calculate a magnification, by dividing the image's distance to the lens into the cross' distance to the lens (unless you used the height method I gave you first). After you have the magnification, you can use the relationship to calculate the focal length by the relationship: Magnification = (focal length)/(focal length - cross' distance from the lens). You have 1 equation and 1 unknown now. I am curious as to what you measure the focal length to be with each method. If you get different results, the lens was likely too thick to use the thin lens equation, however, you will still be able to calculate the focal length no matter what, and can therefore calculate the power by dividing that into 1 and multiplying it by 100.

Magnificationformula Biology

The SOPRANO-15 mini is designed to carry out tasks such as multiphoton microscopy, spectroscopy, semiconductor testing, and materials analysis. In addition to its dependable 24/7 operation, the SOPRANO-15 mini operates at a center wavelength of 1550 nm and typical pulse duration below 130 fs, establishing benefits in both industrial and scientific environments.

Menlo Systems' femtosecond fiber lasers based on Menlo figure 9® patented laser technology are unique in regard to user-friendliness and robustness. We offer solutions for scientific research as well as laser models engineered for OEM integration. From the shortest pulses to highest average power beyond 10 watts and pulse energy beyond 10 μJ we have the solution for your application ranging from basic research to industrial applications in spectroscopy, quality control, and material processing.

The solid-state technology with 1040 nm central wavelength enables the excellent long-term stability by providing several watts of output power at 40 MHz pulse repetition rate and 450 fs pulse duration. Its superior low noise level reaches the shot noise limit above 300 kHz. In combination with the stability and output power, it enables ultrasensitive measurements and makes the Primus perfectly suited as pump source for frequency converters like the Stuttgart Instruments Alpha. The entire system is encapsulated in a solid CNC-cut and water-cooled housing, thus reaching excellent robustness against external perturbations.

Convexlens magnification

The product line includes cavity-dumped mode-locked lasers, regeneratively amplified picosecond pulses with unsurpassed low jitter < 3.5 ps for pulses “on demand” and MW peak power. Optional harmonic wavelengths are also available.

Magnificationformula for convexlens

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A lens does not have have one specific magnification, it depends on the positioning of the lens. When neglecting aberrations, the workings of a lens can be simplified with the following equation,

where $n$ is the refractive index of the lens material, $d$ the thickness of the lens, $R_1$ and $R_2$ the radius of curvature of the two sides of the lens.

Halite is a compact, single-box, all-fiber femtosecond laser, specifically designed to meet the most demanding applications in the field of neuroscience, biophotonics, microscopy and engineering. With pulses as short as <180 fs, average power up to 2 W at 1030 nm and the option of second harmonic generation at 515 nm, it is an irreplaceable tool in every lab that needs a reliable, turn-key, ultrafast light source. Thanks to its unique construction and SESAM-free technology it is a cost-effective solution that provides high pulse energy (up to 100 nJ) and an excellent beam quality. Halite’s industrial design facilitates easy integration with both experimental and commercial systems.

The current EKSPLA product line includes lasers providing picosecond and femtosecond pulses. The femtosecond laser line includes:

NKT Photonics offers a wide range of ultrafast lasers. Our solid-state and fiber lasers are all maintenance-free and come in dust-sealed housing allowing for operation in the harshest environments.

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Magnificationof convex mirror

Class 5 Photonics delivers ultrafast, high-power laser technology at outstanding performance to advance demanding applications from bio-imaging to ultrafast material science and attosecond science. Our robust optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers (OPCPA) provide high-power, tunable femtosecond pulses at user-friendly operation.

Ultrafast lasers produce extremely short pulses of light, typically in the picosecond or femtosecond range. They often contain a mode-locked laser, but comprehensive ultrafast laser systems may include amplifiers to achieve higher pulse energies and peak powers. These systems offer a wide range of parameters in terms of pulse energy and duration, average power, repetition rate, and wavelength.

The Stuttgart Instruments Primus is an ultrafast (fs) mode-locked oscillator, based on the solid-state technology. It provides a high average output power combined with a superior low noise level (shot noise limit above 300 kHz) and an excellent long-term stability.

where $f$ is the focal length of the lens, $v$ is the distance from the object to the lens and $b$ the distance from the lens to the image of the object. This is demonstrated in the image below, including three principal rays (these only apply for thin lenses).

With more than 20 years of experience, TOPTICA provides high-repetitive femtosecond lasers based on fiber laser technology. TOPTICA offers systems for OEM integrators as well as customized solutions for scientific customers, ranging from compact laser systems to tailored for specific applications, to customized high-power multi-watt laser systems.

The PICOPOWER-LD series of the proprietary picosecond diode lasers covers the range 375 nm to 2300 nm with picosecond pulses as short as 12 ps and high peak power more than 2 W for specific wavelengths. Numerous applications cover optical parametric generator pumping, nonlinear optics, spectroscopy time-resolved spectroscopy, remote sensing and material processing.

LIGHT CONVERSION has worldwide recognition for its industrial-grade Yb-based PHAROS, CARBIDE, and FLINT femtosecond lasers.

At FYLA we develop ultrafast fiber lasers with pulse durations in the range of picoseconds and femtoseconds. Our lasers are used in a lot of applications, from microscopy (single-molecule fluorescence, OCT, FRET, TIRF, etc.) up to optical characterization, providing a greater level of robustness, higher lifetimes, and a cost-effective solution.

Magnificationformula for concave mirror

At the heart of FEMTOFLASH lies a patent-pending design that eliminates CPA and fiber pre-amplifier stages. This not only streamlines the technology but also results in a more compact and lightweight ultrashort pulse laser.

Serving North America, RPMC Lasers offers a selection of ultrafast mode-locked lasers with pulse widths as short as 100 femtoseconds (100fs) and up to 10 picoseconds (10ps). They produce a peak pulse energy up to 500 microjoules (500 µJ) and pulse repetition rates up to 80 MHz. These lasers are typically available in the near infrared wavelength region. However, harmonic generation like frequency doubling and tripling allows the generation of visible outputs in the green and UV spectral regions and tunable wavelengths up to 10µm are possible through use of an optional optical parametric oscillator. With many options and customization capabilities, we’re sure to have a solution for your unique problem. Let RPMC help you find the right laser today!

The current EKSPLA product line includes lasers providing picosecond and femtosecond pulses. The femtosecond laser line includes:

When you have a lens with a given focal length then you have two equations with three unknown. So, when you want to calculate the magnification you would not have a unique solution. However manufactures probably want to add a label to their lenses which a layman can understand. For this they probably will use eyepiece magnification,

Magnificationformula forlensin terms of focal length

The SOPRANO-15 is Cycle’s state-of-the art femtosecond fiber lasers, designed to fulfill tasks such as OPO/OPA pumping, semiconductor testing, and materials analysis and processing. The SOPRANO-15 operates at a center wavelength of 1550 nm or 775 nm and pulse duration below 350 fs, establishing benefits in both industrial and scientific environments in 24/7 operation.

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(1) I didn't calculate it, I just drew the magnifying glass in Illustrator with its actual values Index of refraction doesn't matter. The result doesn't have to be 100% correct. 1.52 can be used as the index.

I have various magnifying glasses and I'm using them when I take macro photos with a phone or a camera. I want to group/label my magnifying glasses by their magnification power. And by magnification power I mean something like 10x.

I believe that the difference between the radius of curvature and the thickness is great enough to use the thin lens equation [if not I have another formula at the end that will work with this method].

LIGHT CONVERSION has worldwide recognition for its industrial-grade Yb-based PHAROS, CARBIDE, and FLINT femtosecond lasers.

113 suppliers for ultrafast lasers are listed in the RP Photonics Buyer's Guide, out of which 22 present their product descriptions. Both manufacturers and distributors can be registered.

The ALPHALAS product line of PICOPOWER series ultrafast lasers implements advanced methods for generating picosecond pulses, including active, passive or combined mode-locking. ALPHALAS is the only manufacturer that uses the patented and most advanced “Nonlinear Mirror” or “Stankov Mirror” mode-locking method based on second harmonic generation with practically unlimited power scaling.

Here $\text{F}_1$ and $\text{F}_2$ are the two focal points of the lens, with $f_1$ and $f_2$ as their respective focal lengths (these are often equal to each other, which is also assumed in the first equation).

I figured the focal length of magnifying glass by experimenting with a light source, but I want to calculate it on a paper.

Formula formagnificationof mirror

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Make an optical setup aimed at the wall so that the flashlight is static and exactly 90 degrees to the center of your lens (make sure that you know how close your lens is to the wall!).

To calculate their magnification power, I've read several Wikipedia pages, Lens (Optics) for calculating focal length, and Magnification for calculating magnification power, but I end up with wrong results. I must be doing something wrong.

Take a flashlight and tape a cross to it(make sure you don't let any light through the taped section, this is very important).

The resulting magnification, $M$, will be equal to the ratio between $h_1$ and $h_2$, which when expressed in terms of $v$ and $b$ looks as follows,

Magnificationof convexlensis positive or negative

NKT Photonics offers a wide range of ultrafast lasers. Our solid-state and fiber lasers are all maintenance-free and come in dust-sealed housing allowing for operation in the harshest environments.

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