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Fresnel equation

Thorlabs manufactures erbium (Er)-, ytterbium (Yb)-, and praseodymium (Pr)-doped fiber amplifiers for applications from ultrafast pulse amplification to datacom. Along with these stand-alone benchtop amplifiers, Thorlabs has developed a family of femtosecond lasers utilizing oscillator-amplifier architectures.

Thorlabs manufactures a growing line of femtosecond fiber lasers and amplifiers. Stand-alone systems are available at 2 µm, 1550 nm, and 1030 nm. These systems compliment our full line of ultrafast lasers and specialized optics and fiber optics, including chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, highly nonlinear fiber, and dispersion compensating fiber.

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Thorlabs manufactures optical spectrum analyzers that are compatible with fiber-coupled and free-space light sources. They suit a wide variety of applications, such as analyzing the spectrum of a telecom signal, resolving the Fabry–Pérot modes of a gain chip, and identifying gas absorption lines. We offer two instrument types: the general-purpose OSA20xC instruments, which have a high update rate and moderate resolution, and the high-performance Redstone® OSA305 instrument, which has a high dynamic range and high resolution. Both types acquire the spectrum via Fourier transform, using a scanning Michelson interferometer. This approach enables not only a spectrometer mode but also a high-precision wavelength meter mode.

Thorlabs manufactures high-performance, single-crystal supermirror coatings on Ø1" substrates for applications requiring the highest reflectance possible at a specific wavelength. These high-performance supermirrors with ultralow optical absorption and minimal Brownian noise are key ingredients for the construction of optical atomic clocks, optical reference cavities, and stabilized lasers, as well as the next generation of gravitational wave detectors.

Thorlabs offers a selection adaptive optics equipment, including MEMS deformable mirrors, piezoelectric deformable mirrors, Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors, spatial light modulators, and adaptive optics kits. With the introduction of the OM6N series of high-speed optical modulators, Thorlabs has also designed and manufactured a new all-reflective technology based on deformable mirrors for modulating laser power in the 700 – 1350 nm range.

Thorlabs manufactures a unique Raman technology employing a coded aperture. The Thorlabs-developed spectrograph unit utilizes a pseudo-Hadamard mask at the spectrograph input instead of a traditional single slit. With an aperture size of 2.3 mm × 3.2 mm, the spatial amplitude modulation mask improves light-throughput, or the system étendue, allowing enough Raman-scattered light to reach the CMOS sensor for room temperature operation and sample excitation with an unfocused laser beam. The spectrograph is designed for 680 nm to 785 nm excitation and an 815 nm to 915 nm detection range. This technology is employed in a modular kit as well as in a portable benchtop device, available with up to two excitation lasers to cover the fingerprint (500–1800 cm−1) and high-frequency regions (2800–3800 cm−1).

Thorlabs manufactures a wide range of ultrafast optics specifically designed for ultrafast applications, including mirrors with a specialized coating optimized for use with femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers, low-GDD beamsplitters and mirrors, nonlinear crystals, and chirped mirrors. To precisely characterize the dispersion of ultrafast optics over the 500 – 1650 nm range, consider Thorlabs’ Chromatis™ dispersion measurement system with the InGaAs detector add-on option.

Thorlabs manufactures both custom optics and full custom optical assemblies. Our QuickTurn™ Optics capabilities for both optical lenses and full assemblies allow us to turn new ideas into reality within a fraction of typical industry lead times. At Thorlabs, we can help you tackle and solve complex optical design challenges and can transition a product seamlessly from early concept planning all the way to volume manufacturing.

Among its portfolio, Thorlabs manufactures several mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser systems, including stand-alone systems at 1030 nm, 1550 nm, and 2 µm, as well as an all-fiber mid-IR supercontinuum laser driven by a mode-locked pump laser. These systems compliment our femtosecond family of lasers, amplifiers, and specialized optics, including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, and dispersion compensating fiber.

Fresnel pronunciation

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Thorlabs manufactures a robust benchtop white light interferometer for characterizing reflective and transmissive dispersive properties of optics and coatings designed for ultrafast applications. The Chromatis™ dispersion measurement system covers 500 – 1650 nm, providing a means for measuring optics used for common femtosecond systems, including Ti:Sapphire systems as well as 1 µm and 1550 nm oscillators. The Chromatis compliments our ultrafast family of lasers, amplifiers, and specialized optics including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, and dispersion compensating fiber.

With the introduction of the OM6N series of high-speed optical modulators, Thorlabs has designed and developed a new all-reflective technology based on deformable mirrors for modulating laser power in the 700 – 1350 nm range. This Pockels cell or AOM alternative introduces nearly zero dispersion to ultrafast laser pulses.

Within its optical amplifier selection, Thorlabs designs and manufactures both polarization-maintaining (PM) and single mode (SM) erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) for use in the C-Band (1530 – 1565 nm). These benchtop fiber amplifiers join our femtosecond all-PM-fiber erbium-doped amplified oscillator, the FSL1550, which produces <40 fs pulses and provides record peak pulse power.

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Despite what our name suggests, Fresnel Technologies’ capabilities extend far beyond just one type of lens. From prototype through production, our rich inventory of stock products supports the needs of even the most complex optical projects.

Thorlabs manufacturers multiple white light sources including incoherent lamps as well as laser systems for the VIS-NIR and mid-IR spectral regions. Our VIS-NIR supercontinuum generation kit can be used with an existing femtosecond pump laser, while our SC4500 mid-IR supercontinuum laser offers an all-fiber turn-key solution providing coverage from 1.3 – 4.5 µm.

Thorlabs manufactures a suite of options for dispersion management, including a pre-compensation module, dispersion compensating fiber, chirped mirrors, and low GDD optics. For ultrafast applications where dispersion must be well known and managed, Thorlabs’ portfolio includes a robust benchtop white light interferometer for characterizing reflective and transmissive dispersive properties of optics and coatings. The Chromatis™ dispersion measurement system covers 500 – 1650 nm, providing a means for measuring optics used for common femtosecond systems, including Ti:Sapphire systems as well as 1 µm and 1550 nm oscillators. The Chromatis compliments our ultrafast family of lasers, amplifiers, and specialized optics including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, and dispersion compensating fiber.

Thorlabs manufactures erbium (Er)-, ytterbium (Yb)-, and praseodymium (Pr)-doped fiber amplifiers for applications from ultrafast pulse amplification to datacom. Along with these stand-alone benchtop amplifiers, optical amplifiers available in pigtailed butterfly packages include InP/InGaAsP or GaAs/InGaAs semiconductor optical amplifiers (BOAs or SOAs). Thorlabs has also developed a family of femtosecond lasers utilizing oscillator-amplifier architectures.

Thorlabs manufactures an extensive selection of femtosecond lasers and related products for control and characterization. Applications from nonlinear excitation and amplifier seeding to THz and supercontinuum generation are served by a family of products covering a spectral range from 700 – 4500 nm. Femtosecond fiber lasers are among our key ultrafast laser offerings. Complimenting these laser systems is a suite of ultrafast optics, including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low-GDD optics, and related products for pulse measurement, pre-compensation, and dispersion measurement.

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Fresnel Blender

Thorlabs manufactures an extensive selection of ultrafast lasers and related products for control and characterization. Applications from nonlinear excitation and amplifier seeding to THz and supercontinuum generation are served by a family of products covering a spectral range from 700 – 4500 nm. Our femtosecond laser offerings include fiber lasers, and our picosecond lasers include gain-switched and microchip lasers. Complimenting these laser systems is a suite of ultrafast optics, including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low-GDD optics, and related products for pulse measurement, pre-compensation, and dispersion measurement.

Fresnel effect

Fresnel Technologies, Inc. specializes in the design and manufacturing of molded plastic Fresnel lenses, molded polymer optics in general, and infrared-transmitting optical materials. We offer design assistance, diamond machining, prototyping, tooling, and production. Stock or custom, we’re your optics partner.

Ready-to-use optical delay lines manufactured by Thorlabs include the drive system necessary for computer-controlled variation of optical path lengths. With delays up to 4,000 ps and time resolution down to 0.67 fs, these systems compliment our family of ultrafast optics and laser systems, including low-GDD beamsplitters, to serve various pump-probe applications.

Thorlabs manufactures an extensive selection of CW and pulsed laser systems, including picosecond Q-switched lasers with microjoule-level pulses at kHz repetition rates and exceptional beam quality.

Fresnel Light

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Fresnel lens

The FSAC benchtop interferometric autocorrelator manufactured by Thorlabs is designed to characterize ultrafast pulse durations from 15 – 1,000 fs in the 650 – 1100 nm range. This autocorrelator for use with femtosecond lasers compliments our ultrafast family of lasers, amplifiers, and specialized optics, including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, and dispersion compensating fiber.

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Thorlabs manufactures nanosecond pulsed laser diode systems that are designed to provide a convenient, turnkey source of nanosecond pulse trains at repetition frequencies up to 10 MHz. These compact instruments are available with center wavelengths from 405 nm to 980 nm with maximum peak pulse optical output powers ranging from 13 mW to 1600 mW.

When used as a Heralded single-photon source, Thorlabs’ correlated photon-pair sources act as high brightness sources of individual photons, which are a critical component for quantum photonics applications. Driven by an integrated pump laser, these turn-key solutions rely on spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) to create correlated photon pairs at 810 nm. Two options are available, providing either narrow (0.25 nm), tunable bandwidth or higher heralding ratio and photon rate. Quantum photonics educational kits are also available.

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Thorlabs manufactures a quantum optics educational kit, as well as classically analogous kits for quantum cryptography and quantum eraser demonstrations. These demonstration kits are part of a range of educational kits including atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical tweezers, and Fourier optics. Thorlabs’ correlated photon-pair sources act as high brightness sources of individual photons for non-classical applications requiring single photons.

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Thorlabs’ GSL Series gain-switched lasers provide picosecond, nanosecond, and continuous wave operation in compact, fiber-coupled, turnkey sources. Gain-switched pulse generation with adjustable pulse widths and repetition rates up to 200 MHz make these lasers suitable for high-speed imaging, fluorescence lifetime measurements, and impulse testing. GSL series lasers are also ideal seed sources for additional amplification using our range of fiber-based amplifiers.

autocorrelators, chirped mirrors, chromatic dispersion measurement devices, custom optics, deformable mirrors, dispersion compensation modules, dispersion management devices, electro-optic modulators, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, femtosecond lasers, fiber amplifiers, fiber lasers, fluoride fibers, gain-switched lasers, high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers, intensity modulators, intensity noise measurement equipment, laser noise measurement equipment, lasers, mid-infrared fibers, mid-infrared laser sources, mode-locked fiber lasers, mode-locked lasers, nanosecond lasers, optical amplifiers, optical data transmission systems, optical delay lines, optical modulators, optical parametric amplifiers, optical spectrum analyzers, pulse characterization instruments, pulse compressors, pulse duration measurement devices, pump–probe measurement equipment, quantum cryptography systems, quantum key distribution systems, Raman spectroscopy equipment, seed lasers, single-photon sources, spectrometers, supercontinuum sources, supermirrors, tunable lasers, ultrafast amplifiers, ultrafast lasers, ultrafast optics, wavemeters, white light interferometers, white light sources

Thorlabs manufactures a suite of options for dispersion management, including a pre-compensation module, dispersion compensating fiber, chirped mirrors, and low GDD optics. For ultrafast applications where dispersion must be well known and managed, Thorlabs’ portfolio includes a robust benchtop white light interferometer for characterizing reflective and transmissive dispersive properties of optics and coatings. The Chromatis™ dispersion measurement system covers 500 – 1650 nm, providing a means for measuring optics used for common femtosecond systems, including Ti:sapphire systems as well as 1 µm and 1550 nm oscillators. The Chromatis compliments our ultrafast family of lasers, amplifiers, and specialized optics including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, and dispersion compensating fiber.

Thorlabs, a vertically integrated photonics products manufacturer, was founded in 1989 to serve the laser and electro-optics research market. As that market has spawned a multitude of technical innovations, Thorlabs has extended its core competencies in an effort to play an ever-increasing role serving the photonics industry at the research end, as well as the industrial, life science, medical, and defense segments. The organization’s highly integrated and diverse manufacturing assets include semiconductor fabrication of Fabry–Pérot, DFB, and VCSEL lasers; fiber towers for drawing both silica and fluoride glass optical fibers; MBE/MOCVD epitaxial wafer growth reactors; extensive glass and metal fabrication facilities; advanced thin film deposition capabilities; and optomechanical and optoelectronic shops. Over its 30+ year history, the organization has grown its global manufacturing footprint and now operates in nine countries.

Fresnel diffraction

Thorlabs manufactures a high-precision intensity noise analyzer for measuring intensity noise in optical systems. Featuring a DC to 3 MHz input frequency bandwidth, this device overlaps data from several sample rates to optimize resolution bandwidth and provide high frequency-axis resolution over its full bandwidth; the 9 Hz minimum resolution bandwidth is ideal for resolving low-frequency noise sources. With a nominal noise floor less than -140 dBV2/Hz, this low-noise instrument is designed to identify environmental noise sources in an optical experiment, such as ambient lighting or electrical line noise. Ideal applications also include light source and instrumentation development, where characterizing noise levels or detection limits is critical.

With the introduction of the OM6N series of high-speed optical modulators, Thorlabs has designed and manufactured a new all-reflective technology based on deformable mirrors for modulating laser power in the 700 – 1350 nm range. This Pockels cell or AOM alternative introduces nearly zero dispersion to ultrafast laser pulses. This solution extends Thorlabs’ existing collection of adaptive optics and EO modulators.

Thorlabs manufactures ytterbium (Yb) doped high-power femtosecond fiber lasers, the FSL1030X1 and FSL1030X2, with tunable repetition rates from 1 – 11 MHz; they produce pulse energies up to 12 µJ or pulse widths down to 130 fs, respectively. These systems compliment our full line of ultrafast lasers and amplifiers and specialized optics, including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, highly nonlinear fiber, and dispersion compensating fiber.

Thorlabs manufactures a number of mid-infrared lasers, including the SC4500 mid-IR supercontinuum source and turnkey MIR QCL. These systems are offered alongside a portfolio of bare mid-IR fluoride fibers and patch cables.

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Thorlabs manufactures an extensive selection of ultrafast lasers and related products for control and characterization. Applications from nonlinear excitation and amplifier seeding to THz and supercontinuum generation are served by a family of products covering a spectral range from 700 – 4500 nm. Femtosecond fiber lasers are among our key ultrafast laser offerings. Complimenting our ultrafast laser systems is a suite of related products, including a photon pair source for quantum optics applications.

Thorlabs produces a variety of tunable laser sources, including ultrafast tunable sources at a variety of wavelengths and pulse energies. For multiphoton imaging and other nonlinear processes, our SC4500 MIR supercontinuum laser, when used with bandpass filters, covers 1.3 – 4.5 mm.

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Thorlabs has extensive, vertically integrated fluoride fiber manufacturing capabilities, including draw towers and splicing expertise. These capabilities are utilized to produce our PDFA series of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers as well as our SC4500 mid-IR supercontinuum laser system.

Thorlabs manufactures erbium (Er) and ytterbium (Yb) fiber amplifiers for ultrafast pulse amplification. Along with these stand-alone benchtop amplifiers, Thorlabs has developed an entire family of femtosecond lasers utilizing oscillator-amplifier architectures.

autocorrelators, chirped mirrors, chromatic dispersion, group velocity dispersion, group delay dispersion, zero dispersion wavelength, custom optics, deformable mirrors, dispersion compensation, dispersion management, electro-optic modulators, electro-optic effect, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, femtosecond lasers, fiber amplifiers, fiber lasers, fiber lasers versus bulk lasers, fluoride fibers, gain switching, high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers, master oscillator fiber amplifier, intensity modulators, intensity noise, noise specifications, relative intensity noise, shot noise, quantum noise, laser noise, Schawlow–Townes linewidth, lasers, laser light, laser specifications, mid-infrared fibers, mid-infrared laser sources, mode-locked fiber lasers, mode-locked lasers, nanosecond lasers, optical amplifiers, optical data transmission, optical delay lines, optical modulators, optical parametric amplifiers, parametric amplification, optical spectrum analyzers, pulse characterization, light pulses, spectral phase, carrier-envelope offset, pulse compression, self-phase modulation, adiabatic soliton compression, pulse duration, pump–probe measurements, quantum cryptography, quantum optics, quantum key distribution, Raman spectroscopy, seed lasers, master oscillator power amplifier, spectrometers, supercontinuum generation, supermirrors, tunable lasers, ultrafast amplifiers, divided-pulse amplification, ultrafast lasers, ultrafast optics, wavemeters, white light interferometers, white light sources

Thorlabs’ 2017 Prism Awards winner in the category of scientific lasers, the SC4500 turn-key mid-IR supercontinuum source, emits light in the 1.3 – 4.5 µm range. With >100 mW of output power in the 2.2 – 4.2 µm range, this source is well suited to studying gas absorption lines and other molecular signatures. Complimenting this system is a range of femtosecond laser systems and a supercontinuum generation kit for driving supercontinuum generation as well as highly nonlinear fibers (HNLF) and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses.

Thorlabs spectrometer development and manufacturing capabilities cover a wide range of wavelengths and applications. The compact grating-based Czerny–Turner spectrometers are fiber compatible and available for three different wavelength ranges. For applications that require higher spectral resolution, our optical spectrum analyzers employ a Michelson interferometric design compatible with fiber-coupled and free-space light sources that can be used in spectrometer or even wavelength meter mode. They are complemented by Fabry–Perot interferometers that allow users to examine the fine spectral characteristics of e.g., CW lasers. In contrast, our holographic grating spectrometer is designed for integration into OCT systems and provides high measurement speed. For our unique Raman spectrograph, we use a coded aperture technology with exceptionally large étendue.

Thorlabs manufactures a wide range of optical data transmission solutions, including calibrated electrical-to-optical converters with bandwidths up to 110 GHz, optical amplifiers for C-, L-, and even O-band applications, and a range of transmitters, receivers, and modulators.

Thorlabs manufactures a robust benchtop white light interferometer for characterizing reflective and transmissive dispersive properties of optics and coatings designed for ultrafast applications. The Chromatis™ dispersion measurement system covers 500 – 1650 nm, providing a means for measuring optics used for common femtosecond systems, including Ti:sapphire systems as well as 1 µm and 1550 nm oscillators. The Chromatis compliments our ultrafast family of lasers, amplifiers, and specialized optics including nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD mirrors/beamsplitters, and dispersion compensating fiber.

Thorlabs has extensive, vertically integrated fluoride fiber manufacturing capabilities, including draw towers and splicing expertise. These capabilities are utilized to produce our PDFA Series of Praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers as well as our SC4500 mid-IR supercontinuum laser system.

Amidst our extensive selection of femtosecond lasers and related products for control and characterization, Thorlabs manufactures a compact, tunable repetition rate Ytterbia OPA with integrated microjoule-class pump laser. Complimenting our ultrafast laser systems is a suite of nonlinear crystals, chirped mirrors, low GDD optics, and related products for pulse measurement, pre-compensation, and dispersion measurement.