The U.S. Navy has deployed a ship-based high-energy laser to defend against small and fast-moving ocean surface vessels as well as missiles and drones. The Navy installed a 60-kilowatt laser weapon on the destroyer the USS Preble in August 2022.

Shutter speedchart

Another aspect of ISO that can often confuse novice photographers is the idea of ‘stops.’ If you look at the ISO chart, you are likely to notice the numbers 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, and on and on. There may be other numbers between these, but these are the numbers that you are likely to find on every modern digital camera.

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A new type of conspiracy theory has emerged in recent years claiming that nefarious entities have used airborne high-energy lasers to start wildfires in California, Hawaii and Texas. This is highly unlikely for several reasons.

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Base ISO is the inherent level of sensitivity of a camera’s sensor. This will typically be towards the lower end of the ISO chart, usually around 100 or 200, but it may be as low as 64 or below.

Nations around the world are rapidly developing high-energy laser weapons for military missions on land and sea, and in the air and space. Visions of swarms of small, inexpensive drones filling the skies or skimming across the waves are motivating militaries to develop and deploy laser weapons as an alternative to costly and potentially overwhelmed missile-based defenses.

In the decades since the first laser was unveiled in 1960, engineers have developed a variety of lasers that generate photons at different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, from infrared to ultraviolet. The high-energy laser systems that are finding military applications are based on solid-state lasers that use special crystals to convert the input electrical energy into photons. A key aspect of high-power solid-state lasers is that the photons are created in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and so cannot be seen by the human eye.

ISO in digital photography signifies the increase in the image’s brightness after capture. ISO does not reflect the sensitivity as in analog photography but instead “applied gain.”

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Iso chartphotography

Native ISO is the ISO range that a digital camera can achieve using the native sensor and hardware. This will range from the base ISO to the highest ISO that the camera can handle natively, without interpolation.

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The term ISO (pronounced Eye-soh) can initially perplex many novice photographers for various reasons. One significant factor contributing to this confusion is that unlike shutter speed and aperture – the two other cornerstones of the “exposure triangle“‘ – ISO isn’t an identical concept when transitioning between film and digital photography.

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The camera sensors consist of small units known as pixels. Each pixel on the sensor acts as a type of switch which becomes activated in the presence of light. These switches are constantly sending digital signals telling the camera whether they are activated at any given moment by the light entering the camera. The more light these switches receive, the stronger the signals they send to the camera are, and the brighter that area will be in the resulting image.

Auto ISO is a camera function that lets you select a range of ISO values, and then–when shooting in the field–your camera will pick the lowest acceptable ISO value for well-exposed images.

When it interacts with a surface, a laser beam generates different effects based on its photon wavelength, the power in the beam and the material of the surface. Low-power lasers that generate photons in the visible part of the spectrum are useful as light sources for pointers and light shows at public events. These beams are of such low power that they simply reflect off a surface without damaging it.

In the future, high-energy laser weapons are likely to continue to evolve with increased power levels that will expand the range of targets they can be used against.

Learning the fundamentals of photography can seem overwhelming, especially at the beginning. But if we take the time to understand how and why our camera settings affect the resulting images, it becomes much easier to understand how to use them in practice.

You may have noticed that as you bump up your camera’s ISO setting, your images seem to have a more noisy effect. As you reach the upper limits of your camera’s ISO range, the images begin to look like they have a rounded ‘pixelated’ look to them. This is thanks to our friend, Digital Noise.

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A laser uses electricity to generate photons, or light particles. The photons pass through a gain medium, a material that creates a cascade of additional photons, which rapidly increases the number of photons. All these photons are then focused into a narrow beam by a beam director.

One key challenge for militaries using high-energy lasers is the high levels of power needed to create useful effects from afar. Unlike an industrial laser that may be just a few inches from its target, military operations involve significantly larger distances. To defend against an incoming threat, such as a mortar shell or a small boat, laser weapons need to engage their targets before they can inflict any damage.

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For example, when you set the ISO to a value of 200, the camera still records the image at a base ISO of 100. When the image is recorded, the gain is applied to boost the brightness by a factor of two.

Films with lower ISO numbers had smaller, more tightly spaced silver halide crystals on their surface, which created a much smoother image but were less sensitive to light, and therefore less effective in low-light or high-speed conditions.

The Air Force is developing high-energy lasers on aircraft for defensive and offensive missions. In 2010, the Air Force tested a megawatt laser mounted on a modified Boeing 747, hitting a ballistic missile as it was being launched. The Air Force is currently working on a smaller weapon system for fighter aircraft.

Extended ISO allows cameras to go beyond the limits of their native ISO range by using software to interpolate or estimate the result based on the signals from the camera.

In film photography, the numbers on the ISO chart refer to the quantity, size, and density of the light-sensitive layers of silver halide crystals that cover the plastic emulsion of camera film.

So, you’ve read the guide, you know how ISO works, and you’re ready to explain it to your beginner photography friends, right?

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The U.S. Army is deploying a truck-based high-energy laser to shoot down a range of targets, including drones, helicopters, mortar shells and rockets. The 50-kilowatt laser is mounted on the Stryker infantry fighting vehicle, and the Army deployed four of the systems for battlefield testing in the Middle East in February 2024.

Iso chartexplained

But before we explain how to use your camera’s ISO setting to get the perfect exposure, let’s take a look at what ISO is and its role in digital photography.

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Based in part on the progress made in high-power industrial lasers, militaries are finding an increasing number of uses for high-energy lasers. One key advantage for high-energy laser weapons is that they provide an “infinite magazine.” Unlike traditional weapons such as guns and cannons that have a finite amount of ammunition, a high-energy laser can keep firing as long as it has electrical power.

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Emerging threats posed by low-cost, weaponized drones like those in use in conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine make it more likely that high-energy lasers will also find nonmilitary applications such as defending the public against terrorist attacks.

Laser weapons have been a staple of science fiction since long before lasers were even invented. More recently, they have also featured prominently in some conspiracy theories. Both types of fiction highlight the need to understand how laser weapons actually work and what they are used for.

aperture, shutter speediso chartpdf

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Let’s take a look at the ISO chart infographic. Notice that you can see the full stops mentioned above as well as 1/3 stops in between.

Now, this might seem simple enough. You’re probably thinking: “With the power of the Digital ISO chart, I don’t need to balance aperture and shutter speed. I can just set the ISO higher, and voila! My exposure is perfect!”

Higher-power laser systems are used to cut through biological tissue in medical procedures. The highest-power lasers can heat, vaporize, melt and burn through many different materials and are used in industrial processes for welding and cutting.

This means high-energy lasers require extensive power generation and cooling infrastructure that places limits on the types of effects that can be generated from different military platforms. Army trucks and Air Force fighter jets have the least amount of space for high-energy laser weapons, and so these systems are limited to targets that require relatively low power, such as downing drones or disabling missiles. Ships and larger aircraft can accommodate larger high-energy lasers with the potential to burn holes in boats and ground vehicles. Permanent ground-based systems have the least constraints and therefore the highest power, making it potentially feasible to dazzle a distant satellite.

Iso chartpdf

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In addition to the power level of the laser, the ability to deliver these various effects is determined by the distance between the laser and its target.

It is one of the biggest misconceptions in digital photography that by changing the ISO value, we are changing the sensitivity of the camera’s sensor. But this just isn’t what is actually happening inside the camera. The level of photosensitivity of the sensor is constant. What changes is the increase in brightness (gain) after the image was recorded.

Another important limitation for platform-based high-energy laser weapons relates to the infinite magazine concept. Since the truck, ship or airplane must carry the power source for the laser, and that will limit the power source’s capacity, the lasers can only be used for a limited amount of time before they need to recharge their batteries.

The problem occurs when not enough light reaches the camera sensor, and the digital signal produced by the camera sensor is too weak.

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ISOphotography

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These specific numbers correspond to the full ‘stops.’ As we move from lower numbers to higher numbers, each time we double the number, we double the brightness of our image. Inversely, each time we cut the number in half, we also reduce image brightness by factor of two.

ISOdynamic rangeChart

While ISO may be one of the most misunderstood aspects of digital photography, even among many advanced photographers, it can actually be one of the simplest to use in the real world.

There are also fundamental limits to high-energy laser weapons, including diminished effectiveness in rain, fog and smoke, which scatter laser beams. The laser beams also need to remain locked onto their targets for several seconds in order to inflict damage. Current prototype laser weapons are also proving a challenge to maintain in combat zones.

First, the power level needed to ignite vegetation with a high-energy laser from the sky would require a large power source installed on a large aircraft. A plane that size would have been highly visible right before any fires were ignited. Second, in some images that claim to show the fires being started, the laser beams are green. Beams from high-energy lasers are invisible.

The idea of switching from automatic camera settings to manual controls can seem overwhelming, but this ISO Chart guide will teach you to understand this fundamental camera setting.

However, to burn through materials at safe distances requires tens to hundreds of kilowatts of power in the laser beam. The smallest prototype laser weapon draws 10 kilowatts of power, roughly equivalent to an electric car. The latest high-power laser weapon under development draws 300 kilowatts of power, enough to power 30 households. And because high-energy lasers are only 50% efficient at best, they generate a tremendous amount of waste heat that has to be managed.

Iso chartnikon

Digital cameras, on the other hand, don’t use chemical reactions to record light, so they rely on a completely different system based on the same ISO chart.

The relationship between ISO and digital noise is straightforward. When you amplify the image brightness, you amplify digital noise as well. The higher the amplification (ISO), the more digital noise is present in the image.

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Now that we know how to use full stops, understanding this ISO chart shouldn’t be too difficult. We can see that each time we increase ISO by 100%, we increase the brightness of the image by 100% as well. The same goes for 1/3 stops. Increase ISO by 33%? Brightness goes up 33% as well.

While you may be wanting to go fully manual and are hesitant to use auto ISO, you may want to read this article on why it isn’t necessarily as bad as you think.

Higher ISO numbers meant the crystals were larger and as a result, more sensitive to light, making them more useful in low-light or fast-action conditions. However, these films tended to have more ‘grain’ due to the larger, less densely placed crystals.