Distortion (optics) - linear distortion

 2024-09-22 05:27:56

Normal: 900 mW or less (36 mA max. at 24 V, 48 mA max. at 12 V) *2Econ on (ALL): 800 mW or less (32 mA max. at 24 V, 39 mA max. at 12 V) *2Eco full: 470 mW or less (19 mA max. at 24 V, 23 mA max. at 12 V)

1NPN open collector 24 V; 1 output max: 100 mA or less; 2 output total: 100 mA or less (used stand-alone)/20 mA or less (multiple connections); residual voltage 1 V or less

SpecsOptical Pacific Mall

It is better then to image with a resolution 1/3 of the analog signal, doing this will ensure a star will always fall on multiple pixels so remain circular.

NorcoOpticgen 3

A telescope focuses a star as a round point of light. Assuming high quality optics, the diameter of the point of light is determined by the telescope’s focal length (longer focal lengths result in larger star diameters) and the sky's ‘seeing’ conditions (atmospheric dispersion spreads the point of light, making it larger). Short focal length telescopes and ideal seeing conditions provide the smallest stars, longer focal lengths and less favourable skies produce larger stars.

1PNP open collector 24 V; 1 output max: 100 mA or less; 2 output total: 100 mA or less (used stand-alone)/20 mA or less (multiple connections); residual voltage 1 V or less

NorcoOpticC1

There is some debate around using this for modern CCD sensors because they use square pixels, and we want to image round stars. Using typical seeing at 4” FWHM, Nyquist’s formula would suggest each pixel has 2” resolution which would mean a star could fall on just one pixel, or it might illuminate a 2x2 array, so be captured as a square.

2NPN open collector 24 V; 1 output max: 100 mA or less; 2 output total: 100 mA or less (used stand-alone)/20 mA or less (multiple connections); residual voltage 1 V or less

0 for HIGH SPEED; 4 for FINE; 8 for TURBO/SUPER/ULTRA/MEGA(When set to double, the number of interference-prevention units will be doubled.)

NorcoOpticC3 weight

In summary, we are using Nyquist as a starting point, with a slight tweak, because we are typically sampling very small, circular, stars.

For a star to retain it's round shape when viewed on your screen or photograph it’s diameter must cover a sufficient number of pixels. Too few and the image will be 'under-sampled’, the stars will appear blocky and angular'. For a smoother more natural look more pixels are required, but not too many because if you use more pixels than are necessary to achieve round stars the image is 'over-sampled’. Over-sampled images look rather nice because the stars are round with smooth edges but if you have more pixels than are necessary why not use a reducer to reduce the telescope’s effective focal length, which makes the image brighter and enables you to fit more sky on your sensor. In affect, over-sampling reduces field of view.

KEYENCE supports customers from the selection process to line operations with on-site operating instructions and after-sales support.

Normal: 950 mW or less (39 mA max. at 24 V, 52 mA max. at 12 V) *2Eco on (ALL): 850 mW or less (35 mA max. at 24 V, 44 mA max. at 12 V) *2Eco full: 520 mW or less (21 mA max. at 24 V, 26 mA max. at 12 V)

NorcoOpticC2 weight

Normal: 950 mW or less (39 mA max. at 24 V, 52 mA max. at 12 V)*1Eco on mode: 850 mW or less (35 mA max. at 24 V, 44 mA max. at 12 V)*1Eco Full mode: 520 mW or less (21 mA max. at 24 V, 26 mA max. at 12 V)

*1 Counted as 1 output when connecting with the network unit NU Series.*2 Increases 100 mW (4.0 mA) for High Speed mode*3 One or two more units connected: -20 to +55 °C; 3 to 10 more units connected: -20 to +50 °C; 11 to 16 more units connected: -20 to +45 °C. When using 2-outputs, one unit is counted as two units. All temperature regulations are for when the unit is mounted on a DIN rail and installed on metal sheeting.

*1 Increases 100 mW (4.0 mA) for High Speed mode*2 One or two more units connected: -20 to +55 °C; 3 to 10 more units connected: -20 to +50 °C; 11 to 16 more units connected: -20 to +45 °C. When using 2-outputs, one unit is counted as two units. All temperature regulations are for when the unit is mounted on a DIN rail and installed on metal sheeting.*3 Use a cable length of 30 m or less for M8 connector types.

Help us to grow by adding additional equipment to the database. When adding an eyepiece or binocular, please don't include the magnification or aperture details in the model, this will get added automatically.

NorcoOptic

0 for HIGH SPEED; 4 for FINE; 8 for TURBO/SUPER/ULTRA/MEGA(When set to double, the number of interference-prevention units will be doubled.)

Normal: 900 mW or less (36 mA max. at 24 V, 48 mA max. at 12 V)*1Eco on mode: 800 mW or less (32 mA max. at 24 V, 39 mA max. at 12 V)*1Eco Full mode: 470 mW or less (19 mA max. at 24 V, 23 mA max. at 12 V)

NorcoOpticC2 review

Normal: 900 mW or less (36 mA max. at 24 V, 48 mA max. at 12 V)*2Eco on mode: 800 mW or less (32 mA max. at 24 V, 39 mA max. at 12 V)*2Eco Full mode: 470 mW or less (19 mA max. at 24 V, 23 mA max. at 12 V)

*1 Use a cable of 30 m or less.*2 When the Power Mode is set to HIGH SPEED, 100 mW (4.0 mA) will be added.*3 About the enclosure rating when a small-diameter fibre unit (the diameter of the cable is ø1.3 or ø1.0) is used. IP66/IP65 cannot be satisfied when the type whose diameter is ø1.3 and terminal can be separated (FU-4F/ 66/91/93/43/63/63T etc.) is used. When any small-diameter fibre units except for the above are used, IP65 is applied.*4 In any of the following cases, the enclosure rating IP66/IP65 cannot be satisfied.When the Fibre Unit and KEYENCE's M8 connector cable are not connected (Recommended conditions to tighten up the M8 connector: Tighten it by hand first.Then retighten it as much as 1/16-1/8 of a rotation with pliers.)When the Fibre Unit and KEYENCE's M8 connector cable are not connectedWhen the dust cover of the Sensor Amplifier is openWhen there is debris in the dust coverWhen the waterproof adapter A/B are not used at the time of installation of a small-diameter fibre unit.

2PNP open collector 24 V; 1 output max: 100 mA or less; 2 output total: 100 mA or less (used stand-alone)/20 mA or less (multiple connections); residual voltage 1 V or less

At Astronomy Tools we want to make useful information available to all. If you can see a way we can improve any of our calculators, or would like us to build a new one, please contact us.

Our calculator, at typical seeing of 2-4”, uses the Nyquist formula of 1/2 and the 1/3 to stop stars becoming square so the optimal range is between 0.67” and 2”. (0.67 = 2 / 3, 2 = 4 / 2).

In the 1920s Harold Nyquist developed a theorem for digital sampling of analog signals. Nyquist’s formula suggests the sampling rate should be double the frequency of the analog signal. So, if OK seeing is between 2-4” FWHM then the sampling rate, according to Nyquist, should be 1-2”.

Calculate the resoution in arc seconds per pixel of a CCD with a particular telescope. Resolution Formula: ( Pixel Size / Telescope Focal Length ) X 206.265

Norcooptic specs

Normal: 1050 mW or less (42 mA max. at 24 V, 56 mA max. at 12 V)*1Eco on mode: 950 mW or less (38 mA max. at 24 V, 47 mA max. at 12 V)*1Eco Full mode: 600 mW or less (24 mA max. at 24 V, 29 mA max. at 12 V)

0 for HIGH SPEED; 4 for FINE; 8 for TURBO/SUPER/ULTRA/MEGA(When set to double, the number of interference-prevention units will be doubled.)

When using our calculator you you don’t need to understand the theory or the maths. Simply enter the telescope's focal length, the camera's pixel size and your sky's seeing conditions to determine if they are a good match :-)