The Sun and many other light sources produce waves in which E (and B, though it is not shown) are not preferentially oriented – they exist in every direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation (see Figure 2.3.11). Such light is said to be unpolarized because it is composed of many waves with all possible directions of polarization.

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In the field of photography, aspheric lenses are prized for their ability to minimize distortion and provide high image clarity, making them essential in professional-grade cameras and high-end smartphones. They help achieve sharp images with accurate focus, important for detailed photography and videography. Spherical lenses, while not as advanced in reducing aberrations, are commonly used in entry-level cameras where cost-efficiency is a priority.

Many crystals and solutions rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. Such substances are said to be optically active. Examples include sugar water, insulin, and collagen (see Figure 2.3.20). In addition to depending on the type of substance, the amount and direction of rotation depends on a number of factors. Among these is the concentration of the substance, the distance the light travels through it, and the wavelength of light. Optical activity is due to the asymmetric shape of molecules in the substance, such as being helical. Measurements of the rotation of polarized light passing through substances can thus be used to measure concentrations, a standard technique for sugars. It can also give information on the shapes of molecules, such as proteins, and factors that affect their shapes, such as temperature and pH.

VR and AR systems demand lenses that can deliver a wide field of view with minimal distortion. Aspheric lenses are well-suited for these applications due to their ability to provide clear and immersive visuals, enhancing the user experience. The precision in aspheric lenses ensures that users perceive virtual objects with minimal optical flaws, which is critical for maintaining realism and immersion in VR and AR environments.

The longevity and upkeep of optical systems are important factors when choosing between spherical and aspheric lenses. Each type offers different maintenance challenges and durability characteristics.

Glass and plastic become optically active when stressed; the greater the stress, the greater the effect. Optical stress analysis on complicated shapes can be performed by making plastic models of them and observing them through crossed filters, as seen in Figure 2.3.21. It is apparent that the effect depends on wavelength as well as stress. The wavelength dependence is sometimes also used for artistic purposes.

Polarizers are composed of long molecules aligned in one direction. Thinking of the molecules as many slits, analogous to those for the oscillating ropes, we can understand why only light with a specific polarization can get through. The axis of a polarizing filter is the direction along which the filter passes the electric field of an EM wave (see Figure 2.3.13).

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In terms of replacement and repair, spherical lenses offer more straightforward solutions. Their widespread use and simpler design mean that replacements are generally more readily available and less expensive. Aspheric lenses, due to their specialized nature, might involve longer lead times for replacements and higher costs, especially if custom designs are required.

A sphere-shaped lens features an even curvature across its entire surface and is relatively inexpensive and easy to manufacture, aspherics being more so. However, Spherical lenses may suffer from an effect called Spherical Aberration which causes light rays passing through their edges not focusing correctly in comparison with those passing through its center; images produced can appear blurry due to this phenomenon using wider apertures or high magnification magnification levels.

Aspheric lenses, due to their complex manufacturing process and materials, can be more delicate and susceptible to damage if not handled properly. They require careful handling and storage to maintain their precision and performance. On the other hand, spherical lenses, being simpler in design and construction, tend to be more robust and less prone to damage, making them a durable option for rugged applications and environments.

Refraction occurs when light rays pass through spherical lenses which bend them as they pass. Their basic principle lies within their circular design: light entering such lenses interact with its curvilinear surface, leading them either towards convergence (convex lenses) or divergence (concave lenses).

Polaroid sunglasses are familiar to most of us. They have a special ability to cut the glare of light reflected from water or glass. Polaroids have this ability because of a wave characteristic of light called polarization. What is polarization? How is it produced? What are some of its uses? The answers to these questions are related to the wave character of light.

Depth of Field (DOF) is the area in view between the nearest and farthest points that appear sharpest when viewing an object. Here are some sample images ...

In flat screen LCD televisions, there is a large light at the back of the TV. The light travels to the front screen through millions of tiny units called pixels (picture elements). One of these is shown in Figure 2.3.19 (a) and (b). Each unit has three cells, with red, blue, or green filters, each controlled independently. When the voltage across a liquid crystal is switched off, the liquid crystal passes the light through the particular filter. One can vary the picture contrast by varying the strength of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal.

In display technologies such as projectors and augmented reality displays, the choice between spherical and aspheric lenses can impact image quality and device compactness. Aspheric lenses help in producing uniform and high-quality images across the entire display surface, while spherical lenses might be used in more cost-effective solutions where high precision is not as important.

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Spherical and aspherical lenses should be selected based on your application requirements, including optical performance, design complexity and cost considerations. Aspherical lenses offer higher precision while at the same time remaining an affordable solution for many general-purpose uses; on the contrary aspherical lenses tend to offer superior image quality than their spherical counterparts.

Polarizing filters have a polarization axis that acts as a slit. This slit passes electromagnetic waves (often visible light) that have an electric field parallel to the axis. This is accomplished with long molecules aligned perpendicular to the axis as shown in Figure 2.3.15.

Figure 2.3.16 illustrates how the component of the electric field parallel to the long molecules is absorbed. An electromagnetic wave is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The electric field is strong compared with the magnetic field and is more effective in exerting force on charges in the molecules. The most affected charged particles are the electrons in the molecules, since electron masses are small. If the electron is forced to oscillate, it can absorb energy from the EM wave. This reduces the fields in the wave and, hence, reduces its intensity. In long molecules, electrons can more easily oscillate parallel to the molecule than in the perpendicular direction. The electrons are bound to the molecule and are more restricted in their movement perpendicular to the molecule. Thus, the electrons can absorb EM waves that have a component of their electric field parallel to the molecule. The electrons are much less responsive to electric fields perpendicular to the molecule and will allow those fields to pass. Thus the axis of the polarizing filter is perpendicular to the length of the molecule.

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Watch the first 6 minutes of the video below to see a practical overview of plane polarized light, using crossed polarizers, and how a third polarizer (which is how many minerals act) can be used to increase light output from crossed polarizers.

Aspherical and spherical optical lenses differ both in terms of shape and light handling capabilities, creating different advantages and disadvantages depending on which application the lens will be used in. Here is a detailed comparison.

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Analytical Methods in Geosciences Copyright © by Elizabeth Johnson and Juhong Christie Liu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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Selecting the right lens for your imaging application is important to achieving optimal performance. Lenses come in various shapes and forms, each with its own unique characteristics and advantages. Understanding the differences between spherical and aspheric lenses can help you make an informed decision that meets your specific needs. In this blog, you will learn more about the intricacies of both lenses, including their design, how they work, their applications, and the main considerations in choosing the right lens for an optical system.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of varying electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation and perpendicular to each other.

Another interesting phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some minerals and other crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two polarized beams (Figure 2.3.22). Such crystals are said to be birefringent.

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Each of the separated rays has a specific polarization. One behaves normally and is called the ordinary ray (o or ω), whereas the other does not obey Snell’s law and is called the extraordinary ray (e or ε). Birefringent crystals can be used to produce polarized beams from unpolarized light. Some birefringent materials preferentially absorb one of the polarizations. These materials are called dichroic and can produce polarization by this preferential absorption. This is fundamentally how polarizing filters and other polarizers work. We will use the property of birefringence to help us identify and distinguish minerals in thin section!

Figure 2.3.17 shows the effect of two polarizing filters on originally unpolarized light. The first filter polarizes the light along its axis. When the axes of the first and second filters are aligned (parallel), then all of the polarized light passed by the first filter is also passed by the second. If the second polarizing filter is rotated, only the component of the light parallel to the second filter’s axis is passed. When the axes are perpendicular, no light is passed by the second.

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Consider all requirements of your application when choosing lenses, including image quality, field of view requirements, compactness of lens design and cost. Aspheric lenses tend to perform better for applications involving aberrations; spherical ones might suffice if less demanding or cost-conscious applications exist.

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While you are undoubtedly aware of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) found in watches, calculators, computer screens, cellphones, flat screen televisions, and other myriad places, you may not be aware that they are based on polarization. Liquid crystals are so named because their molecules can be aligned even though they are in a liquid. Liquid crystals have the property that they can rotate the polarization of light passing through them by 90 degrees. Furthermore, this property can be turned off by the application of a voltage, as illustrated in Figure 2.3.19. It is possible to manipulate this characteristic quickly and in small well-defined regions to create the contrast patterns we see in so many LCD devices.

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Both spherical and aspheric lenses play significant roles in consumer electronics, each bringing distinct advantages to various devices.

Aspherical lens designs offer several advantages that outweigh their challenges, including enhanced optical performance or more compact lens configurations.

by Y Lou · 2024 · Cited by 2 — It is widely used in laser processing, image processing, and biomedical fields. The generation of pulsed flat-top beams using fiber lasers has ...

Focusing the light through a spherical lens depends upon its curvature, refractive indices of materials used in its construction and wavelengths of light that pass through it. Spherical lenses suffer from distortion due to their uniform curve; light hitting their edges being refracted more than those striking its center, thus leading to different focus locations along an optical axis.

Finding an aspherical or spherical lens suitable to your needs requires considering several key aspects, particularly within photonics. Photonics is an expansive field that encompasses everything from telecom systems and laser beam systems through medical photonics as well as sensors requiring lenses – this comprehensive guide can assist in selecting an appropriate type of lens in photonics applications.

Selecting the right lens type for your imaging application involves a thorough understanding of the specific requirements and constraints of your project. Spherical lenses offer simplicity and cost-effectiveness for less demanding applications, while aspheric lenses provide superior optical performance for high-precision tasks. By considering factors such as clarity, field of view, compactness, cost, and supplier capabilities, you can make an informed decision that meets your needs. Innovations in lens technology continue to expand the possibilities, making it an exciting time for developments in optical systems.

Selecting an aspherical or spherical lens for photonics applications involves careful consideration of application requirements, design factors, cost versus performance considerations and supplier collaboration – to achieve desired performance from your photonics system through lens selection in an organized manner.

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The maintenance requirements for aspheric lenses are typically higher due to their complex surface profiles, which can make cleaning and alignment more challenging. Special tools and techniques might be needed to ensure they remain in optimal condition. Spherical lenses, with their simpler curvature, are easier to clean and maintain, reducing the time and cost associated with their upkeep.

To examine this further, consider the transverse waves in the ropes shown in Figure 2.3.13. The oscillations in one rope are in a vertical plane and are said to be vertically polarized. Those in the other rope are in a horizontal plane and are horizontally polarized. If a vertical slit is placed on the first rope, the waves pass through. However, a vertical slit blocks the horizontally polarized waves. For EM waves, the direction of the electric field vector E is analogous to the disturbances on the ropes (Figure 2.3.14).

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Aspherical lenses work by controlling the direction that light rays pass through through a process known as refraction, similar to how spherical ones do, yet feature significant variations in surface curvature; their profiles tend to be more complex than spherical ones which typically feature uniform curvatures; as such they’re better at correcting aberrations (especially spherical) more effectively due to non-uniform surface curvatures; as such they focus light more precisely onto one focal point; correct aberrations while correct aberrations more effectively due to non-uniform surface curvatures as opposed to uniform curvatures featured by their counterparts spherical counterparts which feature uniform curvatures; they also focus light more efficiently onto one point when focused onto one point than traditional counterparts would allow.

Aspheric lenses feature more intricate profiles with changing curvatures from center to edge that enable more precise focusing and less distortion from spherical distortion, resulting in clearer images with sharper contrast. Although aspherics lenses may cost more and be harder to produce than regular lens designs, their superior optical performance make it worthwhile in high precision applications.

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Only the component of the EM wave parallel to the axis of a filter is passed. Let us call the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of a filter θ. If the electric field has an amplitude E, then the transmitted part of the wave has an amplitude E cos θ (see Figure 2.3.18). Since the intensity of a wave is proportional to its amplitude squared, the intensity I of the transmitted wave is related to the incident wave by I = I0 cos2 θ, where I0 is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing through the filter.

In contrast, light that is plane polarized (also called linearly polarized) has E oriented in one specific direction in space (Figure 2.3.12).  The polarization direction is defined by the orientation of E (as opposed to B).