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The picture of the Moon in the banner might not look all that spectacular, but it is absolutely astounding from a technical perspective. What makes it so unique is that it was taken via a telescope using a completely flat lens. This type of lens, called a metalens, has been around for a while, but a team of researchers from Pennsylvania State University (PSU) recently made the largest one ever. At eight cm in diameter, it was large enough to use in an actual telescope – and produce the above picture of the Moon, however, blurred it might be.

Multispectralandhyperspectralremote sensing PDF

For this, the team at PSU turned to an alternative manufacturing process – deep ultraviolet (DUV) photolithography, a process typically used to create high-speed computer chips. Compared to the typical metalens creation process of electron beam lithography, DUV has several advantages.

The electromagnetic spectrum describes all types of light, ranging from very long radio waves, through microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays, to very short gamma rays — most of which the human eye can’t see (Figure 1).

Thanks to its noninvasive, and nondestructive capability in identifying and quantifying material, hyperspectral imaging has become increasingly popular in various industries and research applications.

Multispectralandhyperspectral imaging

F-number is defined as the ratio of the focal length to the aperture diameter of a lens. It is also called the f-stop number. It represents the amount of light ...

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The result is a hyperspectral image, where each pixel represents a unique spectrum. This unique spectrum can be compared to fingerprints. Since every material and compound reacts with light differently, their spectral signatures are also different. Just like fingerprints can be used to identify a person, the spectra can identify and quantify the materials in the scene.

By combining the benefits of digital imaging and a spectrometer, hyperspectral imaging provides both spatial and spectral information about the object’s physical and chemical properties. The spectral information allows for the identification and classification of materials and the spatial provides data on the material’s distribution and areal separation. Hyperspectral imaging provides answers to questions concerning “what” (based on the spectrum), “where” (based on location), and “when”.

Hyperspectral imaging system analyzes a spectral response to detect and classify features or objects in images based on their unique spectra.

Difference betweenmultispectralandhyperspectralremote sensing

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However, astronomy isn’t the only practical application for these larger metalenses. Despite their ubiquity, the lenses of a cell phone’s camera are still curved, which takes up valuable space in its design. Typically, you can see a protuberance near the camera lens on the slimmest cell phone models. With a true metalens that works as intended, those issues could be eliminated, leading to an extensive install base if cell phone manufacturers become interested. Both amateur and professional astronomers would probably get some much better pictures of the Moon out of the deal as well.

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First, it is repeatable at high speed. The team, led by Dr. Xingjie Ni, did what all good problem solvers do. They took a large problem – in this case, how to cover the surface of a 4 cm circle with nanostructured antennas – and broke it down into manageable chunks. Those chunks turned out to be 22 mm x 22 mm regions of the plate, and they then patterned the necessary antenna structures onto the lens using a DUV system at Cornell.

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In conclusion, hyperspectral imaging is both a prominent tool for research and highly useful machine vision technology for various industries to improve processes, increase quality, and reduce waste.

Compared to multispectral imaging, hyperspectral imaging provides more information allowing for more accurate analysis, identification, and separation of materials and substances (To learn more, read our article Hyperspectral vs. Multispectral cameras).

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A hyperspectral camera measures thousands or hundreds of thousands of spectra to create a massive hyperspectral data cube comprising position, wavelength, and time-related information.

A second advantage is DUV is capable of consistently producing small details. This is especially true when it’s used to create transistors on a computer chip, but in this case, the nanostructured antennas could be produced with the same level of precision.

Multispectralcamera

Hyperspectral imaging involves using an imaging spectrometer, also called a hyperspectral camera, to collect spectral information.

Figure 2: To match human vision, a digital photograph of a leaf (top) is created using three bands: red, green, and blue. The RGB data is comparable to a three-page pamphlet. In contrast, a hyperspectral image of a leaf (bottom) captures a spectral response from 220 wavelengths. The comparable 220-page book contains much more detailed information about the object.

One of the key benefits of hyperspectral imaging is its high spatial and spectral resolution which enables the detailed characterization of the materials.

Hyperspectral imaging lets us differentiate between materials with similar physical or visual characteristics or what the human eye cannot see, such as different minerals.

Spectral imaging is imaging that uses multiple bands across the electromagnetic spectrum. While the RGB camera uses three visible light bands (red, green, and blue) to create images, hyperspectral imagery makes it possible to examine how objects interact with many more bands, ranging from 250 nm to 15,000 nm and thermal infrared. The study of light–matter interaction is called spectroscopy or spectral sensing. To learn more, read our article How does spectral sensing work? Understanding the basics of spectroscopy and spectral sensors.

Hyperspectral imaging is a technique that collects and processes information across the electromagnetic spectrum to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in an image. This allows for the identification of objects and materials by analyzing their unique spectral signatures. Applications of hyperspectral imaging include food quality & safety, waste sorting and recycling, and control and monitoring in pharmaceutical production.

That isn’t to say the entire research process was as simple as running a new system to create a larger version of a known technology. The researchers had to significantly shrink the file size used to direct the DUV machine on how to operate. They did so by using data approximations and other file compression techniques.

Hyperspectralcamera

Metalenses have been produced before, but typically only on a millimeter scale. They utilize nanostructures etched into the surface of the lens itself, forcing the light that passes through them to a central focal point, much as the curved surface of a typical lens used in optics does. Part of the reason other metalenses have been relatively small in scale so far is the difficulty of creating those nanostructures on a larger lens structure.

The data provided by hyperspectral imaging systems can be used during inspection to locate, sort, or quantify the concentration of various materials that are invisible to common cameras or the human eye. For instance, a hyperspectral imaging system integrated into an in-line quality control system enables the identification of foreign objects, contaminants, and the amount of fat, sugar, or moisture in products.

RGBvs multispectral vs hyperspectral

Hyperspectral imaging

Spectral imaging systems refer to a class of imaging technology that captures and processes information about the wavelength of light within an image. These systems are designed to capture multiple bands or channels of information across the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the visible light that our eyes can see. This data can then be processed to generate a color-coded representation of the spectral data, which can provide information about the chemical and physical properties of the objects within the image.

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Learn More:PSU – Flat, pancake-sized metalens images lunar surface in an engineering firstZhang et al – High-Efficiency, 80 mm Aperture Metalens TelescopeUT – Christiaan Huygens’ Telescope Lenses Tell Us He Was NearsightedUT – What are Telescopes?

Filters are designed to divide sharply the wavelength color by transmitting the short wavelength and cutting off the long wavelength.

Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful technology combining spectroscopy with imaging capability. It enables gathering detailed information about the composition and characteristics of objects and surfaces in a way that is impossible with conventional imaging systems.

Even with all that effort, challenges remain – the most notable being chromatic aberration. Chromatic aberration occurs when different colors of light are bent by the nanostructured antennas differently. This creates different focal points for different colors of light, causing them to blur if collected in the same image. But Dr. Ni and his graduate students are working hard on designing a new and improved system that could eliminate the chromatic aberration problem and other optical issues caused by the flat surface.

A hyperspectral camera captures a scene’s light, separated into its individual wavelengths or spectral bands. It provides a two-dimensional image of a scene while simultaneously recording the spectral information of each pixel in the image.

Hyperspectral imagery acquired through remote sensing provides information about surfaces on the Earth, such as minerals or vegetation for example.