CKX53

Film existed in different formats (medium formats, 35 mm, etc.), in different light sensitivity (labeled according to the ASA or ISO standard), in color, or black and white.

What we need is a way to permanently impress the image formed inside the camera on something. For example, the photographic film used in that old camera your grandparents have at home.

Well, if there is a natural phenomenon one can experience in everyday life, you can bet ancient Greeks knew about it, and Aristoteles did, in fact, describe what you are seeing some 2400 years ago.

OlympusSZ61

The low-positioned focusing knob enables you to conduct your observations while keeping your hands and forearms in comfortable positions resting on the desk. When working under high magnification, the focusing stopper prevents a specimen from accidentally hitting an objective.

Now, this certainly is a fun project to do with the kids, but that’s all it is. To turn a camera obscura into something useful, we need to do better.

A simple convex piece of glass in front of the hole will bend and focus on the light rays coming from the scene. This means we can get sharper images even with larger holes, thus allowing for more light to enter the camera.

Ok, images are not that good, I admit it, but we can do better. The larger the hole, the blurred and brighter the image is. The smaller the hole, the sharper but darker the image gets.

With the introduction of the shutter, we can not only control how long the film is exposed to light but also create artistic effects, such as motion blur and intentional camera movement.

A sealed box, a hole to let the light come in, a medium sensitive to light to record the image and a few other parts is all you need to make cameras be those high-quality instruments you need to capture forever the most important moments of your lives.

Imagine you wake up in a dark room. As you move around in the darkness, you see a thin, flickering beam of light entering the room from a small crack in the wall. And then you see it!

What we need is a viewfinder. This device allows us to frame and compose our image, and it comes in many different types.

Shortly after, the first digital camera based on a CMOS sensor entered the scene and this is the grand grand grandfather of today’s cameras.

With the improvement of film sensitivity and camera design, this “long enough” time got as short as a few hundreds of a second or faster. To cope with such short exposures, a mechanical shutter was built into the camera itself.

Modern digital cameras are essentially a computer, and although the physics behind forming an image is unchanged, digital photography is a game-changer:

How do we reliably frame and compose the scene we want to photograph? After all, we can’t look inside our sealed camera anymore, right?

When you take the photo, the mirror flips upwards, the shutter opens, and the light goes to expose the film. At the end of the exposure, the shutter closes, and the mirror flips back in position.

One of the most common types of viewfinder is the one you find in a reflex. Behind the lens there is a mirror which reflects the light coming from the lens to a pentaprism. The prism flips the image upright and reflects it back to your eye.

On the wall opposite to the crack, a dim yet recognizable image of the outside world. Except it is flipped upside down. What kind of devilry is this?

Andrea Minoia works as a researcher in a Belgian university by day and is a keen amateur astrophotographer by night. He is most interested in deep sky photography with low budget equipment and in helping beginners along their journey under the stars.

Ergonomic, flexible, and easy to use, the highly versatile Olympus upright microscope range provides precise operations and fast, efficient image capture with true color LED illumination.

OlympusCX23

Now that we have a way to permanently capture an image with our pinhole camera, we have created a very basic photo camera we could use, for example, to capture a solargraph.

To avoid this, we need to stop light from reaching the film after a long enough period of time. In the early days of photography, the photographers would use a clock to time the exposure and manually close the hole.

To get sharp images with a pinhole camera, the hole must be rather small, making the image very dim. Even so, eventually you will end up with a white image as you overexpose the film.

Before you go, here is an interesting similarity to think about: the evolution of the camera closely resembles that of the eye. Intrigued? If so, have a look at this video.

This is something street photographers do when shooting “from the hips” to capture candid portraits of random bypassers. But this is far from ideal.

ZEISSmicroscope

Now, I could annoy you with a long and tedious description of the physics involved in this, but I won’t. Instead, I want you to stop imagining and experience it for real.

The first self-contained digital camera is credited to an engineer at Kodak and used a CCD sensor, an 8-pound device that gave a black-and-white image of 0.01 megapixels, and appeared in 1975.

BX43olympus

Assuming you don’t want to get trapped in a dark and dusty room with a hole drilled in the wall, here is what you need to do:

In a rolling shutter, the frame is not exposed as a whole. Instead, the two curtains travel together “scanning” the frame very fast vertically (or horizontally).

CX43 and CX33 biological microscopes enable you to remain comfortable during long periods of routine observation. The microscope frame conforms to your hands, and the location of the control knobs maximizes ergonomics to improve work efficiency. With minimal movement, you can quickly set a specimen with one hand, while adjusting the focus and operating the stage with the other hand. The microscopes can also feature an optional camera port for digital imaging.

Nikonmicroscope

In a “global” shutter, the first curtain opens, exposing the whole frame, and the second one closes at the end of the desired exposure time.

Well, we could aim our camera blindly at the scene and rely on the use of wide-angle lenses ensuring a large field of view and taking advantage of hyperfocal distance to have everything in focus.

Olympus upright microscopes offer high-quality imaging for life science and clinical research. With world-class Olympus microscope optics, you can expect high-resolution, high-contrast microscopy imagery for viewing, insight, and analysis.

The light intensity manager eliminates the step of having to adjust the brightness when changing magnification, helping you complete your work faster and with less eye strain.

To answer this question, let’s dig into the anatomy of a camera, starting from experiencing the very basic phenomenon at the core of photography: light and darkness connected by a hole.

CX43 and CX33 microscopes provide fixed Köhler illumination, enabling you to achieve the right illumination without adjusting the condenser.

With the addition of a lens, we now have a much more sophisticated photo camera in our hands, capable of delivering high-quality images.

At first, photoresistors (CdS) were used as stand-alone light metering devices to help the photographer correctly set the camera. Shortly after, such devices were built-in into many cameras.

With luminosity equivalent to a 30 W halogen lamp, this long-lasting LED provides a consistent color temperature at any brightness level with an estimated 20,000-hour lifetime.

Thanks to the mirror, in the viewfinder you see exactly what your lens sees and precisely focus your lens, rather than rely on hyperfocal distance.

You could get rolls containing 6, 12, 24, or 36 frames, and the film needed to be manually advanced from one frame to the next before taking another photo.

The modular BX43 microscope enables you to choose between cost-efficient and advanced configurations, depending on your needs. Modular components, such as ergonomic observation tubes and stages, make it simple to customize your microscope to your application.

When you press the button to take a photo, inside the camera, the shutter opens for the desired amount of time before closing shut again, thus stopping exposing the film to light.

For more than 150 years, photography has been just that: a bit of chemistry, some physics, and precision mechanisms to improve a box with a hole.

An argent-based emulsion sensitive to light was used to impress the image on the film, which was then developed and the image printed on paper.