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What isthejobof theobjective lenses

Spherical surfaces are characterized by the fact that the radius of curvature is the same at all positions on the sphere, and this leads to the fact that they are easy to polish and high precision can be obtained. On the other hand, aspheric lenses require the radius of curvature to be made different depending on the position, which requires precision mold processing and technology to precisely transfer and mold the aspheric shape.

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In this way, aspherical lenses make it possible to reduce the size and weight of products, and even to cut costs. However, the production of aspherical lenses requires a very high level of manufacturing technology.

There are many different types of lenses. They can be broadly classified as the following according to the principle of light focusing and divergence and the type of surface.

Glass Design - The quality of glass formulations has been paramount in the evolution of modern microscope optics, and there are currently several hundred of optical glasses available for the design of microscope objectives. The suitability of glass for the demanding optical performance of a microscope objective is a function of its physical properties such as refractive index, dispersion, light transmission, contaminant concentrations, residual autofluorescence, and overall homogeneity throughout the mixture. Care must be taken by optical designers to ensure that glass utilized in high-performance objectives has a high transmission in the near-ultraviolet region and also produces high extinction factors for applications such as polarized light or differential interference contrast.

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The method of manufacturing aspherical lenses by transferring and molding the aspherical shape of the mold onto the lens requires three technologies: ultra-precision mold processing technology, ultra-precision transfer and molding technology, and precision measurement and evaluation technology for these surface shapes.

An aspherical lens is a lens whose lens surface is not spherical. By using lenses with aspherical surfaces, which offer a high degree of freedom in design, it becomes possible to reduce aberrations that could not be fully corrected with spherical lenses alone.

Multilayer Antireflection Coatings - One of the most significant advances in objective design during recent years is the improvement in antireflection coating technology, which helps to reduce unwanted reflections (flare and ghosts) that occur when light passes through a lens system, and ensure high-contrast images. Each uncoated air-glass interface can reflect between four and five percent of an incident light beam normal to the surface, resulting in a transmission value of 95-96 percent at normal incidence. Application of a quarter-wavelength thick antireflection coating having the appropriate refractive index can increase this value by three to four percent. As objectives become more sophisticated with an ever-increasing number of lens elements, the need to eliminate internal reflections grows correspondingly. Some modern objective lenses with a high degree of correction can contain as many as 15 lens elements having many air-glass interfaces. If the lenses were uncoated, the reflection losses of axial rays alone would drop transmittance values to around 50 percent. The single-layer lens coatings once utilized to reduce glare and improve transmission have now been supplanted by multilayer coatings that produce transmission values exceeding 99.9 percent in the visible spectral range. These specialized coatings are also used on the phase plates in phase contrast objectives to maximize contrast.

Although not common today, other types of adjustable objectives have been manufactured in the past. Perhaps the most interesting example is the compound "zoom" objective that has a variable magnification, usually from about 4x to 15x. These objectives have a short barrel with poorly designed optics that have significant aberration problems and are not very practical for photomicrography or serious quantitative microscopy.

Cements employed in building multiple lens elements usually have a thickness around 5-10 microns, which can be a source of artifacts in groups that have three or more lens elements cemented together. Doublets, triplets, and other multiple lens arrangements can display spurious absorption, transmission, and fluorescence characteristics that will disqualify the lenses for certain applications.

Aspherical surfaces are classified into two categories: axi-symmetric aspherical surfaces, which have axial symmetry (rotational symmetry) with respect to the lens optical axis, and aspherical surfaces, which do not have axial symmetry. Each type of aspheric surface has its own characteristics.

Illustrated in Figure 4 is a schematic drawing of light waves reflecting and/or passing through a lens element coated with two antireflection layers. The incident wave strikes the first layer (Layer A in Figure 4) at an angle, resulting in part of the light being reflected (R(o)) and part being transmitted through the first layer. Upon encountering the second antireflection layer (Layer B), another portion of the light is reflected at the same angle and interferes with light reflected from the first layer. Some of the remaining light waves continue on to the glass surface where they are again both reflected and transmitted. Light reflected from the glass surface interferes (both constructively and destructively) with light reflected from the antireflection layers. The refractive indices of the antireflection layers vary from that of the glass and the surrounding medium (air). As the light waves pass through the antireflection layers and glass surface, a majority of the light (depending upon the incident angle--usual normal to the lens in optical microscopy) is ultimately transmitted through the glass and focused to form an image.

Opticalmicroscope

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Lenses ① to ⑤ are lenses that have a focusing and diverging effect solely due to refraction on the lens surface. Of these, lenses ① to ④ have a continuous smooth surface, while lens ⑤ has a lens surface that is divided into discontinuous zones.

In this section, we will explain the features, advantages / disadvantages, and manufacturing methods of aspheric lenses.

Most manufacturers have now transitioned to infinity-corrected objectives that project emerging rays in parallel bundles from every azimuth to infinity. These objectives require a tube lens in the light path to bring the image into focus at the intermediate image plane. Infinity-corrected and finite-tube length microscope objectives are not interchangeable and must be matched not only to a specific type of microscope, but often to a particular microscope from a single manufacturer. For example, Nikon infinity-corrected objectives are not interchangeable with Olympus infinity-corrected objectives, not only because of tube length differences, but also because the mounting threads are not the same pitch or diameter. Objectives usually contain an inscription denoting the tube focal length as will be discussed.

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Annealing of optical glass for the manufacture of objectives is critical in order to remove stress, improve transmission, and reduce the level of other internal imperfections. Some of the glass formulations intended for apochromat lens construction are slow-cooled and annealed for extended periods, often exceeding six months. True apochromat objectives are manufactured with a combination of natural fluorite and other glasses that have reduced transmission in the near-ultraviolet region.

Investigate how the size of the light cone entering the objective front lens changes with the objective numerical aperture value.

In imaging optics, multiple spherical lenses are used in combination to reduce aberrations such as image blur and distortion. By using aspherical lenses, it is possible to reduce the number of lenses while maintaining the same performance. For example, you can achieve the same performance of an 5-spherical-lens optical system with a total of 4 lenses using 2 spherical lenses and 2 aspherical lenses.

With fewer lenses, it is possible to reduce lens materials, processing costs, and assembly man-hours, leading to overall cost reductions.

Aspheres that are not axi-symmetrical (rotationally symmetrical) can be used to change the magnification of vertical and horizontal images in imaging optics. Also, in illumination and focusing optics, light emitted from a point light source can be projected in the form of a line. In this way, aspheres that are not axisymmetric (rotationally symmetric) can achieve new functions that cannot be achieved with spherical lenses alone.

What doestheobjective lens doon a microscope

Parfocal Distance - This is another specification that can often vary by manufacturer. Most companies produce objectives that have a 45 millimeter parfocal distance, which is designed to minimize refocusing when magnifications are changed.

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What isthepurposeof theobjective lens inalightmicroscope

Other features found on specialized objectives are variable working distance (LWD) and numerical aperture settings that are adjustable by turning the correction collar on the body of the objective as illustrated in Figure 2. The plan fluor objective on the left has a variable immersion medium/numerical aperture setting that allows the objective to be used with both air and an alternative liquid immersion medium, glycerin. The plan apo objective on the right has an adjustable working distance control (termed a "correction collar") that allows the objective to image specimens through glass coverslips of variable thickness. This is especially important in dry objectives with high numerical aperture that are particularly susceptible to spherical and other aberrations that can impair resolution and contrast when used with a cover glass whose thickness differs from the specified design value.

Discover how internal lens elements in a high numerical aperture dry objective may be adjusted to correct for fluctuations in cover glass thickness.

In this section, we will introduce the advantages and disadvantages of axi-symmetric (rotationally symmetric) aspheres in imaging optics. There are three major advantages.

Lenses ② to ④ are lenses with continuous, smooth, non-spherical lens surfaces and are called aspherical lenses in a broad sense. ② is a lens with an aspheric surface that is axi-symmetric (rotationally symmetric) with respect to the optical axis of the lens, and is often used in imaging optical systems. Lenses ③ to ④ are aspheric lenses that do not have axisymmetry (rotational symmetry) with respect to the optical axis of the lens, and are mainly used in lighting and focusing optical systems.

In addition, when axi-symmetric aspheres are used in illumination and focusing optics, it is possible to achieve uniform illumination distribution and increase the degree of freedom in ray control.

Function ofeyepiece inmicroscope

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Microscope manufacturers offer a wide range of objective designs to meet the performance needs of specialized imaging methods, to compensate for cover glass thickness variations, and to increase the effective working distance of the objective. Often, the function of a particular objective is not obvious simply by looking at the construction of the objective. Finite microscope objectives are designed to project a diffraction-limited image at a fixed plane (the intermediate image plane), which is dictated by the microscope tube length and located at a pre-specified distance from the rear focal plane of the objective. Microscope objectives are usually designed to be used with a specific group of oculars and/or tube lenses strategically placed to assist in the removal of residual optical errors. As an example, older Nikon and Olympus compensating eyepieces were used with high numerical aperture fluorite and apochromatic objectives to eliminate lateral chromatic aberration and improve flatness of field. Newer microscopes (from Nikon and Olympus) have objectives that are fully corrected and do not require additional corrections from the eyepieces or tube lenses.

Although the time required for transfer and molding is shorter than for the spherical polishing process, manufacturing of precision aspheric molds (which incurs cost) in advance are necessary. For this reason, consideration of whether or not to use aspheric lens prior to production, based on the estimated total cost of the production volume is necessary.

The objective depicted on the left in Figure 3 has a parfocal distance of 45mm and is labeled with an immersion medium color code in addition to the magnification color code. Parfocal distance is measured from the nosepiece objective mounting hole to the point of focus on the specimen as illustrated in the figure. The objective on the right in Figure 3 has a longer parfocal distance of 60 millimeters, which is the result of its being produced to the Nikon CFI60 200/60/25 Specification, again deviating from the practice of other manufacturers such as Olympus and Zeiss, who still produce objectives with a 45mm parfocal distance. Most manufacturers also make their objective nosepieces parcentric, meaning that when a specimen is centered in the field of view for one objective, it remains centered when the nosepiece is rotated to bring another objective into use.

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There is a wealth of information inscribed on the barrel of each objective, which can be broken down into several categories. These include the linear magnification, numerical aperture value, optical corrections, microscope body tube length, the type of medium the objective is designed for, and other critical factors in deciding if the objective will perform as needed. A more detailed discussion of these properties is provided below and in links to other pages dealing with specific issues.

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If you are thinking about something like, “If only there was a product like this…”, or, “Is it possible to do these kind of things with lenses?”, Optical Design Technology Navigator, a website operated by a group of optical design professionals, is the place to go. If you have any questions about optical design, please feel free to contact us at Optical Design Technology Navigator.

At Optical Design Technology Navigator, we use state-of -the-art ultra-precision processing machines to process aspheric surfaces on a sub-micron order, transfer these aspheric surfaces using molding technology that incorporates a high level of know-how, and then transfer these aspheric surfaces into an ultra-precision 3D mold.

Extra Low Dispersion (ED) glass was introduced as a major advancement in lens design with optical qualities similar to the mineral fluorite but without its mechanical and optical demerits. This glass has allowed manufacturers to create higher quality objectives with lens elements that have superior optical corrections and performance. Because the chemical and optical properties of many glasses are of a proprietary nature, documentation is difficult or impossible to obtain. For this reason the literature is often vague about the specific properties of glasses utilized in the construction of microscope objectives.

TOYOTEC, operator of the Optical Design Technology Navigator, is an all-around optical manufacturer with proficiency in optical, mechanical, and electronical technology. We can design and develop products from scratch based on our customers’ needs, and provides integrated support from design to productization. In addition to manufacturing aspheric lenses, we offer one-stop manufacturing services from ultra-precision machining of lens cores to the design and assembly of lens units, including systems and peripheral components.

For many years, natural fluorite was commonly used in the manufacture of fluorite (semi-apochromat) and apochromat objectives. Unfortunately, many newly developed fluorescence techniques often rely on ultraviolet excitation at wavelengths significantly below 400 nanometers, which is severely compromised by autofluorescence that occurs from natural organic constituents present in this mineral. Also, the tendency of natural fluorite to exhibit widespread localized regions of crystallinity can seriously degrade performance in polarized light microscopy. Many of these problems are circumvented with new, more advanced materials, such as fluorocrown glass.

Explore how variations in the refractive index of the imaging medium effect the ability of an objective to capture light rays emanating from the specimen.

What doesthestage doon a microscope

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Magnesium fluoride is one of many materials utilized in thin-layer optical antireflection coatings, but most microscope manufacturers now produce their own proprietary formulations. The general result is a dramatic improvement in contrast and transmission of visible wavelengths with a concurrent destructive interference in harmonically-related frequencies lying outside the transmission band. These specialized coatings can be easily damaged by mis-handling and the microscopist should be aware of this vulnerability. Multilayer antireflection coatings have a slightly greenish tint, as opposed to the purplish tint of single-layer coatings, an observation that can be employed to distinguish between coatings. The surface layer of antireflection coatings used on internal lenses is often much softer than corresponding coatings designed to protect external lens surfaces. Great care should be taken when cleaning optical surfaces that have been coated with thin films, especially if the microscope has been disassembled and the internal lens elements are subject to scrutiny.

Axi-symmetric aspheres include rotational parabolas, rotational hyperbolic surfaces, rotational elliptic surfaces, and rotational quadric surfaces. In imaging optics, the use of such axisymmetric aspheres increases the degree of freedom in shape and makes it possible to suppress aberrations that would be difficult with spherical lenses alone.

A spherical glass lens is processed by grinding one surface at a time, but grinding and polishing an aspherical lens one surface at a time would be very expensive. For this reason, aspheric shapes are generally processed into molds, which are then transferred and molded onto glass or plastic.

Special Features - Objectives often have additional special features that are specific to a particular manufacturer and type of objective. The plan apochromat objective illustrated in Figure 1 has a spring-loaded front lens to prevent damage when the objective is accidentally driven onto the surface of a microscope slide.

On the other hand, in the case of ⑥, the refractive index inside the lens is not homogeneous but distributed, and in the case of ⑦, light is focused and diverged by using the diffraction effect on the surface instead of refraction.

From the discussion above it is apparent that objectives are the most important optical element of a compound microscope. It is for this reason that so much effort is invested in making sure that they are well-labeled and suited for the task at hand. We will explore other properties and aspects of microscope objectives in other sections of this tutorial.

Identification of the properties of individual objectives is usually very easy because important parameters are often inscribed on the outer housing (or barrel) of the objective itself as illustrated in Figure 1. This figure depicts a typical 60x plan apochromat objective, including common engravings that contain all of the specifications necessary to determine what the objective is designed for and the conditions necessary for proper use.