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A monochromator is an optical apparatus that can be found inside traditional spectrophotometers. The monochromator contains an entrance slit, a dispersive element (usually a diffraction gratin or a prism) and an exit slit. Typically the widths of the entrance and exit slits are fixed for a given instrument. A source of light passed through the entrance slit and splits into distinct wavelengths. Depending on the spatial position of the dispersive element, a fraction of this light containing a small band of light at a defined wavelength range will be transmitted through the exit slit. The output light is often referred to as monochromatic light, but in practice will usually contain a narrow wavelength range. The monochromator is usually placed between the light source and the sample.

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Please note that there are two main types of UV-Vis spectrophotometers: monochromator-based instruments and diode-array instruments. There is no monochromator in a diode-array instrument. Learn more here.

In contrast, there is no monochromator inside a diode-array instrument. However, a very similar set-up is implemented where there is no exit slit, but the entry slit is imaged onto the sensor array directly. Reference 5 includes a diagram of an example set-up in a diode-array spectrophotometer where the similarities between the monochromator-based instrument are clear.

Fig. 1 A diagram depicting part of a monochromator set up using a prism as the dispersive element. Prisms were used in early spectrophotometers and have since been replaced by diffraction gratings. The full monochromator set-up necessarily includes an entrance slit and some arrangement of lenses or mirrors.

Fig. 2 A simplified diagram of one of the first diffraction grating based monochromator set-ups, known as the Czerny-Turner monochromator. By rotating the diffraction grating and creating an asymmetrical geometry, a very narrow range of wavelengths can be isolated.

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The width of the entrance and exit slits in the monochromator is one factor that directly impacts the spectral resolution of an instrument. A narrower slit improves the spectral resolution, whereas a wider slit reduces it. However, a narrower slit width will also reduce the amount of light reaching the detector per unit of time. This can result in longer measurement times and crucially, an increased signal-to-noise ratio. Depending on your experiment, you may prioritise reduced noise in your data over the ability to finely distinguish between peaks.

2. https://www.horiba.com/en_en/technology/measurement-and-control-techniques/spectroscopy/spectrometers-and-monochromators/spectrometer-monochromator/

Interested in how you can upgrade your existing UV-Vis spectrophotometers and easily streamline and automate your data analysis? Learn more here.