A: Foreground depth of field B: Background depth of field C: Focus position Expressing as a ratio the distance from the focus position to the foreground depth of field, to the distance from the focus position to the background depth of field, the focus ratio is said to be 1:2 foreground: background.

Exposure is one of the major factors that can make or break a picture. Let us talk about how we can go about make best use of exposure to get the best results from a shot (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

Want to create photographs with a lovely background blur (bokeh effect), or perhaps ensure that everything in the image remains in focus? The Aperture-priority AE mode is a convenient mode to use for achieving those effects. Let’s look at this mode in closer detail. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

A monthly magazine that believes that enjoyment of photography will increase the more one learns about camera functions. It delivers news on the latest cameras and features and regularly introduces various photography techniques. Published by Impress Corporation

#1: The Relationship Between Lens Aperture and Bokeh #2: Create Background Bokeh for a Warm, Friendly Family Photo #3: The Wonders of f/2.2 in Still-Life Photography #4: Photographing Facial Expressions (f/2.8) #5: Camera Settings for the Perfect Outdoor Portrait (f/4) #6: A Useful Aperture Setting for Street Photography (f/5.6) #7: Aperture Settings for Sharp Depictions of Nightscapes (f/8) #8: The Ideal Aperture for Sharp Depictions of Natural Landscapes with Depth (f/11) #9: Getting Sharp Depictions of Landscapes from Foreground to Background (f/16)

After graduating from the Tokyo Polytechnic University Junior College, Suzuki joined an advertisement production firm. She has also worked as an assistant to photographers including Kirito Yanase, and specializes in commercial shoots for apparels and cosmetic products. She now works as a studio photographer for an apparel manufacturer.

The first thing to consider when taking photographs with a digital camera is the effect that the aperture can have on your pictures. How will the photograph finish change depending on the aperture is widened or narrowed? In this article, we study the effects of varying apertures on depth-of-field by comparing several examples, and learn about the concept of f-stops. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

When the aperture is widened, the f-number decreases. The in-focus area of the image decreases, and the bokeh gets more prominent (or "larger"). Conversely, when the aperture is narrowed, the f-number increases. The in-focus image area increases, and the bokeh becomes less obvious.

ISO speed plays an equally important role as aperture and shutter speed in its effect on exposure. Now let us learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of turning up the ISO speed. (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

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The first thing to consider when taking photographs with a digital camera is the effect that the aperture can have on your pictures. How will the photograph finish change depending on the aperture is widened or narrowed? In this article, we study the effects of varying apertures on depth-of-field by comparing several examples, and learn about the concept of f-stops. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

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A diffraction grating is an optical element, which separates (disperses) polychromatic light into its constituent wavelengths (colors).

When establishing focus on a subject, it is vitally important to anticipate the subject’s movement and capture it at the right moment. This means it is essential to know the appropriate autofocus (AF) mode to use for a stationary subject, and which to use when the subject is moving. Let us take a closer look at the 3 types of AF modes. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

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With the Picture Style function, you can adjust the colour tone and the contrast to enhance the charm and appeal of the subject. By selecting the perfect Picture Style setting, you can get perfect results in expressing your shooting intent in a vivid photo. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

There are zoom lenses with a range of f-numbers given as f/3.5-5.6. These are known as “variable aperture zoom lenses”, where the aperture changes with the focal length. In the case of the EF24-105mm f/3.5-5.6 IS STM, the aperture (f-number) at the wide-angle end (24mm) is f/3.5, and the aperture at the telephoto end (105mm) is f/5.6. Lenses in which the aperture does not change even when the focal length changes are known as “fixed aperture zoom lenses”.

When it comes to shooting, a vital part of the camera is the viewfinder. Nowadays, there are cameras that do not come with viewfinders, only with Live View shooting. However, as you get more experienced with photography, you will realise how much shooting with a viewfinder can affect your photos. In this article, we take a closer look at the viewfinder. (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

If you want control over both the aperture and the shutter speed, Manual exposure mode is the way to go. It might be quite a tough mode to conquer for a beginner, but also can be very convenient to achieve certain shooting intentions. In this final article in our Camera Basics series, we take a closer look at this mode and what it can be used for. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

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Shutter-priority AE mode is a shooting mode that is useful for when you want to ‘freeze’ subjects in action, or conversely, photograph moving subjects with motion blur. Read on to find out how you can use it! (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

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The position and angle are two elements that greatly influence the outcome of your photos. Since they have such a significant impact, varying them ensures that you will be able to get a different effect in your photos. In the following, we go over 3 points each in relation to the position and the angle. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

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For more on individual f-numbers and the scenes they are commonly used for, check out our Aperture-Priority Technique series:

When the f-number changes, it is not only the amount of light entering the camera that changes, but also the size of area in the image that appears in focus. The smaller the f-number, the smaller the image area in focus. Conversely, the larger the f-number, the larger the image area in focus. The latter results in a photo that is sharp all the way to the background.

The metering function measures the brightness of a subject and decides how much exposure is best for the photo. Let’s take a look at each metering mode available, and get a better idea of which of them to use is best to use under which conditions/scene. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

The implementation of Dual Pixel CMOS AF in Canon's latest camera models have vastly improved shooting conditions in Live View. Live View, which features fast AF speed that measures up to viewfinder AF, is gradually becoming the choice method of shooting for many photographers. In the following, we will explain more about the characteristics of Live View. (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

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When taking photographs, you want to have a good grasp of shutter speed and its effects on your photographs. What kind of effects can you create with a faster or slower shutter speed? Let us examine the effects of different shutter speeds with the help of the following examples. (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

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- The larger the aperture (i.e. the smaller the f-number), the larger the bokeh. - The smaller the aperture (i.e. the larger the f-number), the larger the area in-focus (depth-of-field). - The amount of light that enters The sensor can be controlled by widening/narrowing The aperture.

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MAULE MX-7-180B manufactured by Maule. Specs, range, speed, operating weights and performance for the MAULE MX-7-180B here.

EOS 5D Mark III/ FL: 50mm/ Aperture-priority AE (f/1.8, 1/80sec., EV+0.7)/ ISO 100/ WB: Auto Shallow depth of field f/1.8

White balance is a feature that ensures that the colour white is reproduced accurately regardless of the type of lighting under which a photo is taken. At a very basic level, it is common to use the Auto White Balance setting. However, this setting is no one-size-fits-all solution. For a white balance setting that best suits the lighting source, choose one of the preset white balance settings on your camera.(Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

The bokeh also gets more prominent the closer the focusing distance. The range of focus (how much of the image is in focus) is known as the “depth of field”. When this range is small, it is known as a “shallow depth of field”. Likewise when the range is large, this is a “deep depth of field”.

Phase detection AF (also known as phase-difference detection AF) is the autofocus system used in viewfinder shooting on DSLR cameras. Its main feature lies in its rapid autofocusing speed. In the following, we will explain more about phase detection AF, and how Canon’s Dual Pixel CMOS AF utilizes the latest AF technology to enable phase detection AF even in Live View. (Reported by Tomoko Suzuki)

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Exposure settings, also commonly referred to by photographers as “f-stops,” allow you to adjust the amount of light that enters the camera. These settings are also known as the “EV”, or exposure value. Increasing the aperture by 1 stop halves the amount of light entering the camera. Conversely, decreasing it by 1 stop doubles the amount of light entering the camera. For most DSLR cameras, in addition to the standard 1 stop, you can also set stops at 1/2 and 1/3 intervals. For example, if you set a 1/3 stop, the range of a full stop between f/2.8 to f/4 is divided into 3 parts, so it becomes f/2.8→f/3.2→f/3.5→f/4. The use of 1/3 stops allows finer adjustments to be made to the amount of light entering the camera.

Exposure compensation is a function you can use to change the exposure set by the camera (camera-determined correct exposure) into something of your own preference. Here, we find out more about the function, and learn how to identify subjects that require positive or negative exposure compensation along the way. (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

The one thing that enables the photographer to convey his photographic intent to the viewer is establishing the focus. What are the secrets to establishing the best focus? Let’s find out more about the special features of autofocus (AF) and manual focus (MF). (Reported by: Tomoko Suzuki)

At the smallest f-number, you achieve “maximum aperture”. This allows the greatest amount of light possible to enter, and is also when you can achieve the most prominent ("biggest") bokeh.

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The Program AE mode, a semi-automatic mode where the camera automatically sets the aperture and shutter speed, enables you to shoot quickly to capture sudden photographic opportunities, and yet still retain creative control over other settings such as white balance.

The aperture allows us to control the amount of light entering the lens. When the aperture is widened, more light can enter, and conversely, when the aperture is narrowed, less light can enter the lens. The numerical values of the difference in aperture size is known as the f-number. The standard f-numbers are: f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8… etc. Widening the aperture reduces the f-number whereas narrowing the aperture increases it.