SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

GTB has been preincubated with 2.6–4 mM HDis leading to a saturation of >95% of respective binding sites of GTB as estimated from the KD value for HDis of 118 µM (unpublished data).

It has been shown that UDP-Gal is bound in a “folded-back” conformation that is not observed in aqueous solution (Angulo et al. 2006; Alfaro et al. 2008). Therefore, this can be considered as a high-energy state of the donor substrate that is stabilized by the enzyme. This conformation may already be rather similar to the transition state, and our new data show that prior binding of acceptor substrate further enhances the stabilization of this “folded-back” conformation. This is in line with ideas that had been propagated decades ago. According to this, enzymes work by utilizing the free energy of binding of substrates in order to decrease the free energy of activation and bring about rate accelerations (Jencks 1975).

Crystal structures are available for GTB in the presence and in the absence of acceptor and donor substrates (Alfaro et al. 2008) as well as in the presence and in the absence of the acceptor analog 3DD (Nguyen et al. 2003). A comparison of the protein backbone structures reveals that, for GTB simultaneously complexed with UDP and the H disaccharide, two otherwise disordered loop regions (residues 175–195 and 359–367) adopt a more ordered structure and become observable by X-ray diffraction. In the presence of UDP, or the H disaccharide alone, these loop regions remained unordered. Therefore, one can understand the positive cooperative effect of binding of 3DD upon the binding and hydrolysis of UDP-Gal as a consequence of loop ordering assisted by the presence of 3DD. In fact, a similar observation has been made recently for the binding of H disaccharide in the presence and absence of UDP. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to determine enthalpies and entropies of binding, it was found that the presence of UDP and Mn2+ increased the affinity of the H antigen disaccharide for GTB by a factor of about 9 at a temperature of 24°C (Shoemaker et al. 2008). This finding is complementary to the results presented in this study.

There are a number of mechanisms by which enzymes fulfill this task. More recently, it has been demonstrated that substantial gains or losses in binding affinity can be brought about by an overall change in bond lengths and dynamics of a receptor protein (Williams et al. 2004). By measuring H/D exchange rates in conjunction with thermodynamic measurements, it has been demonstrated that rather large changes of binding energies may be induced by altering the bond length of the numerous hydrogen bonds inside a protein by as little as 1%. Such subtle changes are clearly beyond the resolution of X-ray crystallography. Systems studied in detail were hemoglobin/O2 as an example for a binding process with positive cooperativity (Williams et al. 2003) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase/NAD+ as an example for negative cooperativity (Williams et al. 2006). In the light of this evidence, we propose that the positive cooperativity as observed for the binding and subsequent hydrolysis of UDP-Gal is partially also a result from an overall “structural relaxation” of GTB upon binding of 3DD.

Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Welcome to the Photography Explained Podcast, created by me, Rick.Photography things explained in plain English in less than 27 minutes (ish) without the irrelevant details.That’s all. Well, apart from you sending me your question to answer!

Recent crystallographic studies have uncovered a “closed” conformation of the enzyme where donor substrate and an analog of the H disaccharide are bound to the enzyme simultaneously (Alfaro et al. 2008). It is obvious that the conformational transition between the “open” and the “closed” forms of the enzyme is correlated with the glycosyl transfer reaction, and it is likely that along with this major transition there will be more subtle conformational changes. It certainly is a challenge to directly monitor the influence of substrate binding on such conformational transitions of the enzyme during catalysis. As a first step towards this goal, we explore to which extent acceptor substrate binding in itself affects the catalytic process.

These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

First off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

NMR Measurements. The NMR experiments to follow UDP-Gal hydrolysis were performed at 298 K on a Bruker Avance DRX 500 spectrometer equipped with a TCI cryogenic probe. The spectral width was 5 kHz with 16 k data points. 1H NMR spectra were recorded with 64 scans every 30 min to 5 h until the reaction was finished. Concentrations of UDP-Gal and Gal-1,2-P were determined via the integrated signal intensities of their anomeric proton signals relative to TSP as a reference. Values were normalized (c(UDP-Gal)t=0=1 mM), and Gal-1,2-P concentrations were added to UDP-Gal concentrations to monitor only enzymatic hydrolysis. Data were fitted to a one-phase exponential decay function and analyzed with the GraphPad Prism 4.0 program (GraphPad Software, San Diego).

I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.

The focal length of a lens indicates its ability to converge light, and it's measured by the distance between the lens center and focal point. The shorter the ...

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) belong to an important class of enzymes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates (Breton et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Lairson et al. 2008). GTs catalyze the transfer of a monosaccharide from a donor substrate to an acceptor which can be another carbohydrate, lipid, protein, DNA or natural product. With rare exceptions, the transfer of the monosaccharide is regio- and stereospecific, and GTs are classified as inverting or retaining enzymes, depending on the anomeric configuration of the product relative to that of the donor sugar (Lairson and Withers 2004). While the catalytic mechanism of inverting GTs is largely established, this is not the case for retaining GTs for which a number of studies indicate that catalysis follows an ordered sequential mechanism in which sugar–nucleotide binding precedes acceptor binding (Ly et al. 2002; Angulo et al. 2006).

A camera is lightproof box with a hole in it.There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.What is the difference between a pinhole camera and a modern camera?In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

These values were difficult to obtain because of precipitation of GTB at high protein concentrations as required for the determination of KD values in the range of 0.5 mM.

Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.

There are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.

How does the camera workstep by step

Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Thermodynamic data for the binding of UDP to GTB derived from ITC experiments at 298 K in the absence and in the presence of HDis

What does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.

Human blood group B galactosyltransferase (GTB) is certainly one of the most prominent retaining glycosyltransferases as it is responsible for the biosynthesis of human blood group antigens. GTB catalyzes the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) to the C3 position of the terminal galactose of H antigen acceptors (Scheme 1). It has been shown that the H disaccharide α-L-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-Gal-OR (HDis) serves as an efficient substrate (Letts et al. 2006) and that GTB-catalyzed galactosyl transfer requires divalent metal cations as cofactors for enzymatic activity (Patenaude et al. 2002).

ITC experiments. ITC experiments were carried out on a VP-ITC MicroCalorimeter (MicroCal, Germany). All solutions were degassed prior to use. The reaction cell (1.4589 ml) contained 200–430 µM GTB with or without 2.6–4 mM HDis. Forty-nine injections of 5 µl of 2.3–4.7 mM UDP were performed with 120 s between each injection. The final molar excess of UDP over GTB was about 2-fold. During the titration, the enzyme solution was stirred continuously at 307 rpm. Data were evaluated with Origin 7.0 (MicroCal). Heats of binding were determined by integrating the signals measured by the calorimeter and were plotted against the ratio of ligand to enzyme. The heats of dilution of the ligand were measured separately in similar experiments with only buffer in the cell. A linear regression was performed with the integrated values, and the line was subtracted from the heats of binding. KA and ΔH were derived from the resulting binding isotherm.

Important this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The short answer is that the sun has an illuminance of about 100k lux (lumens per square meter) on a perpendicular surface at sea level.

How does the camera workphysics

This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The analysis of 1H NMR spectra recorded at different concentrations of 3DD indicated a concentration-dependent acceleration of the hydrolysis reaction. The curves in Figure 1 show the decay of UDP-Gal as monitored by following the intensity of the anomeric proton signal of the galactose unit of UDP-Gal as a function of time and different concentrations of 3DD. As an approximation, it was assumed that the decrease of UDP-Gal followed pseudo first-order kinetics, and the data were fitted to a decaying exponential function. The true rate law is more complicated, and therefore care has to be taken in the interpretation of apparent dissociation rate constants and half lives as summarized in Table S1 of the supplementary material. Nevertheless, the fitted curves reflect the progress of hydrolysis better than the data points themselves.

Protein concentrations were determined with a colorimetric assay that is based on the Bradford Assay using Bio-Rad Protein Assay Dye Reagent Concentrate and bovine γ-globuline (Pierce, GE Healthcare) as a standard. To assure constant protein concentrations, they were rechecked with a NanoDrop ND 1000 Spectrophotometer (PEQLAB Biotechnologie GmbH). Enzymatic activity was measured with a radiochemical assay. The reaction mixture with a final volume of 10 µl contained 5–8 nM GTB, 496 µM α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-Gal-O-octyl as acceptor and 272.5 µM UDP-Gal and 786 Bq UDP-[U-14C]-Gal (lithium salt, Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany) as donor substrates in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0, 20 mM MnCl2 and 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. The mixture was incubated for 15 min at 37°C, and the reaction was stopped by addition of 170 µl ice-cold water. Sep-Pak® Vac RC C18 Cartridges (100 mg, Waters, Eschborn, Germany) were used to isolate the radiolabeled reaction product from the donor substrate. The reversed-phase columns were washed with 6 ml methanol and equilibrated with 4 ml water before adding the reaction mixture. After washing with 4 ml water to remove unreacted donor, the radiolabeled trisaccharide was eluted with 6 ml methanol into scintillation vials. Aquasafe 800 (6 ml) (Zinsser Analytic, Frankfurt, Germany) was added, and radioactivity was measured in a Wallac 1409 Liquid Scintillation Counter.

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And this is where the pinhole camera came from, a smaller version of the camera obscura. Yes this is a massive oversimplification of the history of a camera, but the point is this.A camera is lightproof box with a hole in it.There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.What is the difference between a pinhole camera and a modern camera?In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

In a first experiment, we verified the results from the NMR experiments using a radiochemical assay and employing identical concentrations of metal ions, enzyme, acceptor substrate analog and UDP-Gal (data not shown). In order to quantitatively analyze the accelerating influence of 3DD on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal, we next determined KM and kcat from a Michaelis–Menten analysis in the presence of Mn2+ or Mg2+ ions (Table I). It is obvious that, while kcat is similar in all four cases, KM changes dramatically.

How does the camera workfor beginners

Digital camera sensors are important, sensitive, expensive bits of kit that need looking after. There are things that we can do to protect them from bad stuff, but if bad stuff gets to them, there...Continue Reading

So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.

It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

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We suggest that this allosteric effect is also effective for the case of a “normal” galactosyl transfer reaction. Of course, in that case the effect is not directly observable.

There is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Finally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Hydrolysis of UDP-Gal during the ITC experiment makes it impossible to dissect the heat of hydrolysis from the heat of binding of UDP-Gal to GTB. Therefore, instead of measuring the influence of 3DD upon the affinity of UDP-Gal towards GTB, we measured the affinity of UDP towards GTB in the absence and in the presence of H disaccharide (HDis). Using saturation transfer difference NMR titrations, we had shown before that the affinity of UDP-Gal towards GTB is mainly due to the UDP moiety (Blume et al. 2006). Therefore, HDis should have a rather similar influence on the affinity of UDP as has 3DD on the affinity of UDP-Gal. The results of the ITC experiments are summarized in Table II and show that the presence of HDis increases the affinity of UDP towards GTB by roughly one order of magnitude. In analogy, we conclude that the significant decrease in KM upon addition of 3DD (cf. Table I) in large part is due to an enhanced affinity of UDP-Gal towards GTB.

How Does A Camera Work? Just The Stuff You Need To Know! And also some more thoughts on the last episode, erm 11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2.

A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.

Hydrolysis of UDP-Gal was followed with a radiochemical assay under conditions comparable to the NMR experiments. The first reaction mixture contained 50 mm Bis-Tris, pH 6.7, 10 mM MgCl2, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM UDP-Gal, 15.725 kBq UDP-[U-14C]-Gal and 26 µM GTB in a final volume of 100 µl. The second mixture contained 1 mM α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-3-deoxy-Gal-O-octyl and all components of the first mixture. Reaction mixtures were incubated in a thermo block at 298 K. Samples of 5 µl were removed at different times, added to 100 µl ice-cold water and transferred to Mini-Columns (5 ml, Sigma) which were packed with 0.4 g AG1-X8 Resin (chloride, 200–400 mesh, Bio-Rad). The reaction product was washed from the resin with 2 × 400 µl water by briefly spinning and was transferred to a scintillation vial. Five milliliters water and 6 ml Aquasafe 800 (Zinsser Analytic) were added, and radioactivity was measured in a Wallac 1409 Liquid Scintillation Counter. Data were fitted to a one-phase exponential association function and analyzed with the GraphPad Prism 4.0 program (GraphPad Software).

How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.

And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

That was the answer. In this episode I will explain this all in a bit more detail, just enough to help you and I of course. Right – let’s get straight into the talky bit.You can listen to the episode hereOr keep on reading. Or do both. Entirely up to you!The talky bitI answered this question way back in episode 2, but there is no need to go back as this is a much fuller answer.Where does the word camera come from?In episode 2 I wrote this.“The word camera comes from Camera Obscura. Obscura is a Latin word that means darkened in English . Camera is also Latin, meaning vault or vaulted room. It also has Greek origins as well.So camera obscura came into being and that means dark chamber. So there you have it – next time you look at your camera, think of it as dark chamber!”OK – that was then. But there is more. Camera obscura is actually a natural thing that happens when light is projected through a small hole onto say a wall.And this is where the pinhole camera came from, a smaller version of the camera obscura. Yes this is a massive oversimplification of the history of a camera, but the point is this.A camera is lightproof box with a hole in it.There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.What is the difference between a pinhole camera and a modern camera?In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

We suggest that our results are of importance for the design of novel glycosyltransferase inhibitors that may take advantage of specifically interfering with allosteric mechanisms such as revealed in this study. In order to better understand the interplay between binding of acceptor and donor substrates to blood group galactosyltransferases it will be important to obtain precise thermodynamic data. Such experiments are currently underway in our laboratory.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal at 298 K in the presence of Mg2+ and varying concentrations of the acceptor analog 3DD. Error bars are shown for the measurements without and with 1 mM 3DD, which were performed in duplicates.

How does the camera workdiagram

Cheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

See there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.

The lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

So camera obscura came into being and that means dark chamber. So there you have it – next time you look at your camera, think of it as dark chamber!”OK – that was then. But there is more. Camera obscura is actually a natural thing that happens when light is projected through a small hole onto say a wall.And this is where the pinhole camera came from, a smaller version of the camera obscura. Yes this is a massive oversimplification of the history of a camera, but the point is this.A camera is lightproof box with a hole in it.There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.What is the difference between a pinhole camera and a modern camera?In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

S16 ; Key features. Stage Micrometer with Crossed Scales, each 1mm long subdivided into 100 divisions of 0.01mm (10µm). For Transmitted Light. ; Order code. S16.

These include optical modems and terminals; high-power sources for free-space optical (FSO) communication and remote sensing; and space exploration systems. 06 ...

But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.

How doesacamera worksimple explanation

RAW and JPEG are file formats. Photographers use both. JPEG images have an amount of processing and compressing done to them when a photo is taken. RAW photos have no processing done to them other...Continue Reading

Sample Preparation. GTB storage buffer was exchanged against NMR buffer containing 50 mM Bis-Tris-d19 (Euriso-Top, Saarbrucken, Germany, 98% D), pH 6.7, 10 mM MgCl2, 50 mM NaCl and 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol-d6 (Euriso-Top) in D2O (Euriso-Top, 99.97% D) via centrifugal filtering using Amicon® Ultra-4 Centrifugal Filter Units (Millipore, Germany, MWCO 10 kDa). Protein concentration and specific activity were determined as described above. NMR samples were prepared in 500 µl buffer solution and contained 26 µM GTB, different concentrations of acceptor analogs and 40 µM TSP-d4 (Aldrich, Munich, Germany) as an internal standard. The reaction was started by adding 1 mM UDP-Gal. The measurements were performed in 5 mm NMR tubes.

Recombinant human-10GTB (Marcus et al. 2003) (residues 63–354) was overexpressed in Escherichiacoli BL21 cells (Novagen, Darmstadt, Germany). Cells were grown with vigorous shaking at 30°C in Terrific Broth medium (12 g tryptone, 24 g yeast extract and 4 ml glycerol per liter culture) supplemented with M9 minimal medium components (6 g Na2HPO4, 3 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g NaCl, 1 g NH4Cl, 1 ml 1 M MgSO4, 1 ml 0.1 M CaCl2 and 0.4% glucose per liter culture), 0.4% casamino acids and 100 µg/ml ampicillin. Overexpression was induced with 1 mM isopropylthiogalactoside at OD600 1, and the incubation was continued for 20–24 h. After the cell harvest, the bacterial pellet was resuspended in 50 mM 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) (pH 7.0), 1 mM EDTA and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) supplemented with complete, EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and passed twice through a French Pressure cell at 25,000 psi followed by an ultracentrifugation at 110,000 × g for 1 h. The enzyme was purified from the supernatant by successive chromatography on SP Sepharose FF (GE Healthcare, Germany) and UDP-Hexanolamine Sepharose as described previously (Marcus et al. 2003) with the following exceptions. SP Sepharose FF (200 ml) was used, and all buffers contained 50 mM MOPS. The UDP concentration in the second elution buffer was 8 mM. Protein-containing fractions were identified by a qualitative colorimetric assay and the extinction at 280 nm. Eluted GTB was dialyzed against 50 mM MOPS (pH 7.0), 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT and 5 mM MnCl2 (storage buffer) and stored at 4°C.

Thermodynamic data for the binding of UDP to GTB derived from ITC experiments at 298 K in the absence and in the presence of HDis

The hydrolysis of the donor substrate uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) by human blood group B galactosyltransferase (GTB) has been followed by nuclear magnetic resonance in the presence and in the absence of an acceptor substrate analog. It is observed that the presence of the acceptor substrate analog promotes hydrolysis of UDP-Gal. Subsequent analysis of the kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis suggests that this effect is due to an increased affinity of GTB for UDP-Gal in the presence of the acceptor analog. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments substantiate this conclusion. As hydrolysis may be understood as a glycosyl transfer reaction where water serves as universal acceptor, we suggest that in general the binding of acceptor substrates to retaining glycosyltransferases modulates the rate of glycosyl transfer. In fact, this may point to a general mechanism used by retaining glycosyltransferases to discriminate acceptor substrates under physiological conditions.

The aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the opening

How doesa digitalcamera work

“The word camera comes from Camera Obscura. Obscura is a Latin word that means darkened in English . Camera is also Latin, meaning vault or vaulted room. It also has Greek origins as well.So camera obscura came into being and that means dark chamber. So there you have it – next time you look at your camera, think of it as dark chamber!”OK – that was then. But there is more. Camera obscura is actually a natural thing that happens when light is projected through a small hole onto say a wall.And this is where the pinhole camera came from, a smaller version of the camera obscura. Yes this is a massive oversimplification of the history of a camera, but the point is this.A camera is lightproof box with a hole in it.There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.What is the difference between a pinhole camera and a modern camera?In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

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How doesacameracapture an image

Nora Sindhuwinata, Eva Munoz, Francisco Javier Munoz, Monica M. Palcic, Hannelore Peters, Thomas Peters, Binding of an acceptor substrate analog enhances the enzymatic activity of human blood group B galactosyltransferase, Glycobiology, Volume 20, Issue 6, June 2010, Pages 718–723, https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwq019

A camera is a light proof box with an opening in it, which opens when the shutter is raised to allow light to pass through to the camera sensor. Or film. This is what happens when you take a photo.

(A) Biosynthesis of blood group B antigen from H antigen catalyzed by GTB. (B) Enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal catalyzed by GTB. β-d-Gal is subsequently formed via mutarotation. (C) Metal ion catalyzed decomposition of UDP-Gal in the presence of bivalent metal cations. (D) Acceptor substrate analog α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-3-deoxy-Gal-O-octyl (3DD) and (E) α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-Gal-O-octyl (HDis).

And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

These values were difficult to obtain because of precipitation of GTB at high protein concentrations as required for the determination of KD values in the range of 0.5 mM.

Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.

OK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Viewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.

I am the creator of the Photography Explained podcast. I am a photographer, podcaster and blogger. I am professionally qualified in both photography and construction. I have over 30 years of photography expereience and specialise in architectural photography and construction photography.

GTB has been preincubated with 2.6–4 mM HDis leading to a saturation of >95% of respective binding sites of GTB as estimated from the KD value for HDis of 118 µM (unpublished data).

There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

UDP-α-d-galactose was a kind gift from Prof. Dr. Beat Ernst (Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Switzerland). α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-Gal-O-octyl was chemically synthesized in our lab, and α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-3-deoxy-Gal-O-octyl was a kind gift from Prof. Dr. Ole Hindsgaul (Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark).

It should be noted that reproducibility of the data in the presence of Mg2+ critically depends on complete removal of Mn2+ which is added during the purification of GTB. Traces of Mn2+ lead to different rates of hydrolysis (see Figs. S4 and S5). For instance, exchanging GTB buffer by dialysis several times against water is rather ineffective in removing Mn2+ from its binding pocket. In contrast, centrifugal filtering is an efficient method. Complete removal of Mn2+ is easily monitored by 1H NMR spectra because residual Mn2+ bound to GTB leads to significant line broadening of, e.g., the anomeric proton of the galactose moiety of UDP-Gal (Fig. S4).

So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

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There are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Assuming idealized Michaelis–Menten conditions, KM values represent dissociation constants KD and thus reflect relative affinities of substrates towards enzymes. In this case, our studies would indicate that binding of the donor substrate UDP-Gal to GTB is under positive allosteric control of the acceptor substrate or an analog thereof. However, in practice, perfect Michaelis–Menten conditions are rarely met, and KM is a complex ratio of rate constants. Therefore, we applied isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to monitor corresponding changes in affinity.

I answered this question way back in episode 2, but there is no need to go back as this is a much fuller answer.Where does the word camera come from?In episode 2 I wrote this.“The word camera comes from Camera Obscura. Obscura is a Latin word that means darkened in English . Camera is also Latin, meaning vault or vaulted room. It also has Greek origins as well.So camera obscura came into being and that means dark chamber. So there you have it – next time you look at your camera, think of it as dark chamber!”OK – that was then. But there is more. Camera obscura is actually a natural thing that happens when light is projected through a small hole onto say a wall.And this is where the pinhole camera came from, a smaller version of the camera obscura. Yes this is a massive oversimplification of the history of a camera, but the point is this.A camera is lightproof box with a hole in it.There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.What is the difference between a pinhole camera and a modern camera?In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

OK – that was then. But there is more. Camera obscura is actually a natural thing that happens when light is projected through a small hole onto say a wall.

For the kinetic characterization of UDP-Gal, hydrolysis samples with seven suitable concentrations of UDP-Gal ranging from 0.03 up to 35 KM and with 0.025–2.3 µM GTB were prepared in 50 mM Bis-Tris, pH 6.7, 10 mM MnCl2 or MgCl2, 50 mM NaCl and 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. Samples with the highest UDP-Gal concentration contained 2.1–2.3 kBq UDP-[U-14C]-Gal. α-l-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-3-deoxy-Gal-O-octyl (2.5 or 10 mm) was added to achieve saturation of the enzyme (0.025 and 1.6 µM, respectively). Reaction mixtures with final volumes of 246 µl for those containing Mn2+ and 3DD and 12 µl for the others were incubated at 298 K for time intervals where no more than 10% of the substrate was consumed. The radioactively labeled reaction product was separated from the substrate and quantified as described above. Additionally, a blank value for each sample was determined with the same procedure but without GTB. Kinetic parameters KM and kcat for hydrolysis were derived from the fits to the Michaelis–Menten equation using nonlinear regression with the GraphPad Prism 4.0 program (GraphPad Software). Errors were within experimental limits and were 5–16% for KM and 1.6–7.6% for vmax.

Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.

Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

If you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?

Hi and welcome to Episode 150 of the Photography Explained podcast. I’m your host Rick, and in each episode I will try to explain one photographic to you in plain English, in less than 27 minutes (ish), without the irrelevant details. What I tell you is based on my lifetime of photographic experience. And not Google. OK there was a bit of Google in this one.

Aug 27, 2020 — Vehicle Pitch, Roll and Yaw ... The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines Vehicle Dynamics as the relationship between the forces applied ...

You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The promotion of enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal by GTB in the presence of acceptor substrate analog 3DD reveals an allosteric mechanism which should also be operative for the “natural” galactosyl transfer reaction, although it cannot be observed directly during “normal” glycosyl transfer. It is likely to play a role in the control of the biosynthesis of blood group antigens. We would like to advance the hypothesis that the effect observed is more general and also applies to other retaining glycosyltransferases. It may serve as a mechanism to differentiate acceptor substrates under physiological conditions.

Thanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

We had observed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that the presence of the acceptor substrate analog α-L-Fuc-(1,2)-β-d-3-deoxy-Gal-O-octyl (3DD) accelerates enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal. Enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal can be considered as a galactosyl transfer reaction where water serves as a highly unspecific acceptor substrate (Zhang et al. 2001; Ly et al. 2002; Patenaude et al. 2002). Assuming that enzymatic hydrolysis follows the same mechanism as “normal” glycosyl transfer, mechanistic details may be uncovered, not easily accessible otherwise. Importantly, employing water as the smallest possible acceptor molecule has the advantage that the effects of concomitant binding of acceptor substrate analogs to the acceptor substrate binding site in the process of the transfer reaction can be studied. This is impossible for the “normal” galactosyl transfer reaction. Here, we have studied the influence of binding of the acceptor substrate analog 3DD to GTB on the rate of hydrolysis of UDP-Gal to yield insight into hitherto unknown aspects of the mechanism of glycosyl transfer catalyzed by GTB.

I send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.

The USB 3.0 interface ensures swift data transmission, enabling real-time imaging and enhancing the efficiency of vision systems. USB 3.0 Cameras are ideal for ...

I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

How doesacamera workScience

I just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Episode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

ISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bit

In principle nothing. They are both lightproof boxes with a hole in them that lets light in.Why a light proof box?Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

Well, rather than viewing the image on a wall, some very clever people worked out that you could record that image by very clever chemistry. But to do that you needed to be able to control the amount of light that got through. Take that all the way to today and that is what the shutter is doing – controlling the amount of light that hits the sensor.So that is the shortest history of the camera ever, but it makes sense to me.That is how a camera works. You compose, focus, apply the settings that you want, and when you press the shutter release button the camera sensor is exposed to light, and the image is recorded on the camera sensor.How does a camera sensor actually work?A camera sensor captures light and converts it into something that becomes a photo. I am sorry, this is way beyond my comprehension and understanding.I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.And understanding this will not help me with my photography. No this is a level of complexity and detail too far for me.So I stick to my explanation.A camera sensor takes the light that hits it when the shutter is opened and turns it into a photo. That will do for me.And camera film does the same, just using a different process.OK let’s move on.Why is a camera the shape and size that it is?Evolution. Quite simply. Another massive leap in time and technology now. In the early 1900s, yes, all that time ago, 35mm cameras started to be made. The SLR camera is a direct evolution of the 35mm camera.SLR cameras, which were known as 35mm cameras, used 35mm camera film. The size of the photo recorded on the camera film is 36mm wide x 24mm high.And guess what – the size of a full frame camera sensor is 36mm wide x 24mm high!This is where the size of camera sensors today came from.And that is why a camera is the size that it is, it is all based on the camera sensor, the important bit that takes the photo.And the rest is about us humans and how we use the camera.Talking of which – the parts of a cameraViewfinder – this is the  thing that you look through to take a photo. These days you can also do this using the LCD screen on the back of the camera. I am more a traditionalist though, so I still use the viewfinder first.There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

In the presence of GTB and Mn2+ or Mg2+, enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal yields d-galactose and UDP (cf. Scheme 1B). It is observed by NMR that the initial product of enzymatic hydrolysis is α-d-galactose that subsequently is transformed into an αβ mixture via mutarotation (see Fig. S1 of the supporting information). This is consistent with the retaining mechanism of the enzyme. In the presence of 3DD (Lowary and Hindsgaul 1993), hydrolysis is accelerated as seen from 1H NMR spectra (Fig. S2). In order to analyze the corresponding NMR spectra, we had to determine the amount of chemical degradation of UDP-Gal. It has previously been shown that UDP-Gal decomposes in the presence of bivalent metal cations to yield d-galactose-1,2-cyclo-phosphate (Gal-1,2-P) and UMP (Scheme 1C)(Nunez and Barker 1976). The rate of metal-ion-catalyzed decomposition of UDP-Gal depends significantly on the type of cation, on the pH and on the temperature (Nunez and Barker 1976). Our present study has been performed at pH 6.7 which is in the range of the pH optimum of GTB (∼pH 6.5 at 310 K). According to literature data (Nunez and Barker 1976), under these conditions there should be no degradation in the presence of Mg2+, whereas Mn2+ at concentrations of 10 mM and higher leads to decomposition of UDP-Gal, with half lives in the order of days. With NMR, we observed that very slow degradation with an estimated half life in the range of 40 days occurs in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+ (see Fig. S3 of the supporting information). In order to yield rates for pure enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-Gal, we subtracted the rather small contribution of chemical degradation (for more details, see the supporting information).

“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

There are optical viewfinders, where through mirrors and string and stuff you actually look through the lens, and electronic viewfinders, aka EVFs. Well it is too much to ask to say the actual words right, so let’s abbreviate that!You will find an EVF on a mirrorless camera, and an optical viewfinder on a DSLR camera.Same but different.Same as in you press the shutter release button and you take a photo. Different as in exactly how they do this.Other bits of the cameraThere are cameras with fixed lenses and cameras where you can change the lens. There is an acronym for these cameras, ILCs, or interchangeable lens cameras. If you have ever wondered what this term means wonder no more, it is confusing and does not help us.So there are cameras with the lens fixed to the body so that is that, and there are cameras where you can change the lens.You can change the lens on most cameras, so that is what I will go with here.There are two parts to most cameras, the camera body, and the lens. The camera body houses all the electronics, the camera sensor, batteries, memory card slots, and all the dials and controls that we need to change the settings to take photos.The lens contains the optics, and is the thing that focusses the light on the camera sensor.Lens mountThe lens mount is the thing that you attach the lens to the camera body with. Each manufacturer has their own lens mount – you can put a Canon lens on a Sony camera. The exception to this is micro four thirds cameras, which all use the same mount.There are what is called third party lens manufacturers, who make lenses for more than one camera system. Blimey, that is camera lenses explained in a nutshell!Photographers use different camera lenses to take photos of different subjects, and in different conditions. That is an episode all of its own for sure. And I have just added that to my list.GripImportant this. The camera grip is, not surprisingly, the bit that you use to hold the camera. As you look at a camera is it the sticky out bit on the left hand side, which when you hold the camera to your eye is the right hand bit. Yes camera manufacturers assume that we are all right handed. What do you do if you are left handed? I am not sure to be honest.The grip is very important, as this is what you hold the camera with to take a photo.Camera settingsThere are a seemingly endless array of buttons and dials on cameras these days. These are the things that you use to change the camera settings. Don’t worry, you don’t have to use them all, all of the time.But there are the three main things that you do need to know about, aperture, shutter and ISO. These three settings determine if you get a photo that is correctly exposed. Correctly exposed means that you have recorded the levels of light in what you are photographing correctly. This too is very important.The exposure triangle is the combination of the three things.ApertureThe aperture is in the camera lens and not the camera body. The aperture is the hole that light passes through when the shutter is opened. You can change the size of the aperture, making the openingsmaller, letting less light in, orlarger, letting more light inShutterThe shutter is normally closed, and when opened exposes the sensor to light. The amount of time that the shutter is open will determine how long the camera sensor is exposed to light.A faster shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to less lightA slower shutter speed exposes the camera sensor to more lightISOISO is the now baffling term for the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. Forget the history, this is the important bitThe lower the ISO number, the less sensitive the camera sensor is to lightThe higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the camera sensor is to lightWhat does this mean? Simply, if you take a photo with a low ISO, say 100, if you then change the ISO to say 400, the camera sensor is more sensitive to light, and the less light that is needed to give the correct exposure.These three settings work together to give you the correct exposure for a photo.Manual or autoA camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

A camera will allow you to set the three things above manually, or it will do this for you. Or you can set two of these and it will set the other. But this is all stuff for another episode. I am talking here about how a camera works.Where are the photos stored?Cameras have memory card slots. You insert a memory card into the camera and this is what the photos are stored on. You take the memory card out of the camera and import the photos to a computer.Tripod threadI just want to mention this – the tripod thread. On the bottom of a cameras body is a thread, which you can attach a mounting plate to, and then put your camera on a tripod with. These threads are all the same size.Why would you do this? Another one for another episode.BatteriesSorry, camera batteries. You will need these to make your camera work. All cameras use rechargeable batteries.Other good stuffThere is lots of other good stuff in cameras, I couldn’t possibly cover it all in one episode. And every camera manufacturer has different things and different ways of doing things. But the stuff that I have told you here applies to the vast majority of cameras.Right – talky bit over – what if I use a phone and not a camera?Well a phone is a device that you can use to take photos.A phone has a camera lens, a sensor, and everything else is built into the phone. But the basic principles apply, compose, focus, take a photo. It is just done in a different way with a phone. You just don’t have all the adjustments that you do with a camera. And that is a good thing and also a bad thing. It just depends.It is a good thing as all you have is your phone, all nice and simple. And bad because you don’t have all the other adjustments and stuff that we photographers get with cameras. Which again can be seen as good or bad.What do I do?Me? I use all of the above, of course I do. I use a camera to take my photos. I have a small number of camera lenses that I use. I know my camera inside out. And this is the thing that I want to expand on here.I have learned my camera inside out. I have spent time to practise and learn with my camera. And I have set it up so it works for me.There are a lot of things that you can change in a camera, there are settings that you change for every photo that you take, and settings that you make once and never go back to.But you need to know what those camera settings are, and make sure that you set your camera up to work for you.How does a camera work? Well out of the box how the manufacturer has set it up. But this might not be right for you. So to get your camera to work properly for you, you have some work to do.How does my camera work for me? Well these are the things that I have setAV ModeISO100F8RAW Image captureCamera on a tripodSelf-timer onAuto-bracketing onSee there is so much to this, these are just the headline settings, and auto bracketing gets a mention for the first time here! Very quickly, I use auto-bracketing, where the camera takes three photos at the same time, but with different exposures. I merge them together in Lightroom later to create one image to work on with more of the lights and darks than I would get in a single image capture.Some thoughts from the last episode“11 Actionable Things You And I Can Do To Improve Our Photography in 2023 – Part 2”Well, I don’t want to go on. But I will. The number one way for you and me to improve our photography is to go out more to take photos but take less photos. Quality over quantity. Think about the photos that you are taking when you are doing it.Enough said.Next episodeEpisode 151, How To Take The Best Photos That You Can Every Time This is the logical next episode, where I take what I have told you about here, and tell you how to take the best photos that you can.And now some stuff for you to doFirst off, if you have a photography question you want me to answer in plain English, in less than 27minutes (ish) but still without the irrelevant details, just head over to PhotographyExplainedPodcast.com/start where you can find out what to do. Or just say hi. It would be lovely to hear from you.And a favourIf you enjoyed this episode please write a nice review on your podcast provider of choice. And post it on your social feeds. And why not follow my podcast to make sure you get the next episode when it is released?That’s all.This episode was brought to you by, erm, well breakfast as I am recording this one in the morning which is most unusual! So no cheese and pickle sandwich and a bag of salt and vinegar crisps all washed down with a Diet Pepsi, not yet, that will be later. No, I have just had a nice coffee before I settled down in my home-made, acoustically cushioned recording emporium.I’ve been Rick McEvoy, thanks again very much for listening to my small but perfectly formed podcast (it says here), and for giving me 27 ish minutes of your valuable time. Yeah I think that this episode will be 27 minutes long.Take care, stay safeCheers from me RickOK – that was the podcast episode.Want to know more?Head over to the Start page on the Photography Explained Podcast website to find out more.And here is the list of episodes published to date – you can listen to any episode straight from this page which is nice.Let me know if there is a photography thing that you want me to explain and I will add it to my list. Just head over to the This is my list of things to explain page of this website to see what is on there already.Let me send you stuffI send out a weekly email to my subscribers. It is my take on one photography thing, plus what I have been writing and talking about. Just fill in the box and you can get my weekly photographic musings straight to your inbox. Which is nice.And finally a little bit about meFinally, yes this paragraph is all about me – check out my Rick McEvoy Photography website to find out more about me and my architectural, construction, real estate and travel photography work. I also write about general photography stuff, all in plain English without the irrelevant detail.Thank youThanks for listening to my podcast (if you did) and reading this blog post (which I assume you have done as you are reading this).Cheers from me Rick

The authors thank the University of Lübeck for financial support. The DFG and the state of Schleswig-Holstein are thanked for a grant for the cryogenic probe (HBFG 101/192-1). N.S. thanks the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes for a stipend. F.J.M. thanks the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for the FPU predoctoral fellowship (AP2003-4820) and Prof. M. J. Hernaiz (Madrid) for generous support. We thank W. Hellebrandt and T. Köhli for technical assistance.

Jul 25, 2024 — You probably have a drawer full of cables with a variety of USB form factors including Type A, Type B, Mini and Micro versions of those, and now ...

There, I am happy with that. Sometimes when I am writing this stuff I worry that I am not explaining things, but I am quite happy with this.

I have read various explanations of how a camera sensor works, and concluded that I am not intelligent enough to understand this.