A sturdy, reliable Class IIIA (now Class 3R) <5mW Red Laser Pointer for the classroom or boardroom! Comes with a plastic and foam case for secure storage.

Thorlabs offers High-Precision Windows fabricated from various substrate materials for use in a large variety of laser and industrial applications. We also offer laser windows and wedged laser windows, which have wavelength-specific AR coatings centered around commonly used laser wavelengths, and Brewster windows, which eliminate p-polarization reflectance. Additionally, our Ø1.5" windows are ideal as replacement windows on our high-vacuum CF flange viewports.

Makro objektivCanon

CW Laser ExampleSuppose that a CW laser system at 1319 nm produces a 0.5 W Gaussian beam that has a 1/e2 diameter of 10 mm. A naive calculation of the average linear power density of this beam would yield a value of 0.5 W/cm, given by the total power divided by the beam diameter:

[1] R. M. Wood, Optics and Laser Tech. 29, 517 (1998).[2] Roger M. Wood, Laser-Induced Damage of Optical Materials (Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 2003).[3] C. W. Carr et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 127402 (2003).[4] N. Bloembergen, Appl. Opt. 12, 661 (1973).

An AC127-030-C achromatic doublet lens has a specified CW LIDT of 350 W/cm, as tested at 1550 nm. CW damage threshold values typically scale directly with the wavelength of the laser source, so this yields an adjusted LIDT value:

The specifications to the right are measured data for Thorlabs' UV fused silica windows. Damage threshold specifications are constant for a given coating type, regardless of the size of the window.

Canon bietet als einziger Hersteller im Markt fünf verschiedene Tilt-Shift-Objektive an. Sie decken die Brennweiten 17 mm, 24 mm, 50 mm, 90 mm und 135 mm ab. Die beiden Weitwinkelobjektive finden hauptsächlich ihren Einsatz in der Architekturfotografie, die längeren Brennweiten werden meist für Produkt- und Makrofotografie genutzt.

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This scaling gives adjusted LIDT values of 0.08 J/cm2 for the reflective filter and 14 J/cm2 for the absorptive filter. In this case, the absorptive filter is the best choice in order to avoid optical damage.

Die präzisen Bewegungen ermöglichen ein Verschwenken von ± zehn Grad, ein Verschieben von ± zwölf Millimeter und eine Rotation der Tilt-und-Shift-Funktion von ± 90 Grad in jede Richtung. Preis: rund 2.400 Euro

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LIDT in linear power density vs. pulse length and spot size. For long pulses to CW, linear power density becomes a constant with spot size. This graph was obtained from [1].

Der Abbildungsmaßstab von 1:1 reicht dir nicht? Dann steige doch einfach direkt bei 2:1 ein! Das mögliche Anwendungsgebiet ist zwar etwas spezieller, dafür lassen sich hier besonders intime Nahaufnahmen einfangen. Zudem ist die Optik für gleich vier verschiedene Bajonette erhältlich: Canon EF, Fujifilm XF, Nikon Z und Sony E. Preis: rund 480 Euro

When pulse lengths are between 1 ns and 1 µs, laser-induced damage can occur either because of absorption or a dielectric breakdown (therefore, a user must check both CW and pulsed LIDT). Absorption is either due to an intrinsic property of the optic or due to surface irregularities; thus LIDT values are only valid for optics meeting or exceeding the surface quality specifications given by a manufacturer. While many optics can handle high power CW lasers, cemented (e.g., achromatic doublets) or highly absorptive (e.g., ND filters) optics tend to have lower CW damage thresholds. These lower thresholds are due to absorption or scattering in the cement or metal coating.

Pulses shorter than 10-9 s cannot be compared to our specified LIDT values with much reliability. In this ultra-short-pulse regime various mechanics, such as multiphoton-avalanche ionization, take over as the predominate damage mechanism [2]. In contrast, pulses between 10-7 s and 10-4 s may cause damage to an optic either because of dielectric breakdown or thermal effects. This means that both CW and pulsed damage thresholds must be compared to the laser beam to determine whether the optic is suitable for your application.

This is the 6mm CS-mount wide angle lens from CGL Electronics Co. Ltd. for use with the Raspberry Pi HQ Camera Module.

As previously stated, pulsed lasers typically induce a different type of damage to the optic than CW lasers. Pulsed lasers often do not heat the optic enough to damage it; instead, pulsed lasers produce strong electric fields capable of inducing dielectric breakdown in the material. Unfortunately, it can be very difficult to compare the LIDT specification of an optic to your laser. There are multiple regimes in which a pulsed laser can damage an optic and this is based on the laser's pulse length. The highlighted columns in the table below outline the relevant pulse lengths for our specified LIDT values.

Natürlich lassen sich die Tilt-Effekte auch kreativ nutzen, indem die Schärfenebene bewusst „falsch“ gelegt wird. Dadurch lassen sich z.B. die bekannten Miniatureffekte auf optische Weise erzielen.

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The adjusted LIDT value of 350 W/cm x (1319 nm / 1550 nm) = 298 W/cm is significantly higher than the calculated maximum linear power density of the laser system, so it would be safe to use this doublet lens for this application.

Das Objektiv ist für folgende Bajonette erhältlich: Canon EF, Canon RF, L-Mount, Nikon F, Nikon Z, Pentax K und Sony E. Preis: rund 600 Euro

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The energy density of your beam should be calculated in terms of J/cm2. The graph to the right shows why expressing the LIDT as an energy density provides the best metric for short pulse sources. In this regime, the LIDT given as an energy density can be applied to any beam diameter; one does not need to compute an adjusted LIDT to adjust for changes in spot size. This calculation assumes a uniform beam intensity profile. You must now adjust this energy density to account for hotspots or other nonuniform intensity profiles and roughly calculate a maximum energy density. For reference a Gaussian beam typically has a maximum energy density that is twice that of the 1/e2 beam.

Die drei Tilt-Shift-Objektive TS-E 50 mm F2,8 L Macro, TS-E 90 mm f/2,8 L Macro und TS-E 135 mm f/4 L Macro lassen sich bis Maßstab 1:2 fokussieren.

Thorlabs' LIDT testing is done in compliance with ISO/DIS 11254 and ISO 21254 specifications.First, a low-power/energy beam is directed to the optic under test. The optic is exposed in 10 locations to this laser beam for 30 seconds (CW) or for a number of pulses (pulse repetition frequency specified). After exposure, the optic is examined by a microscope (~100X magnification) for any visible damage. The number of locations that are damaged at a particular power/energy level is recorded. Next, the power/energy is either increased or decreased and the optic is exposed at 10 new locations. This process is repeated until damage is observed. The damage threshold is then assigned to be the highest power/energy that the optic can withstand without causing damage. A histogram such as that below represents the testing of one BB1-E02 mirror.

When an optic is damaged by a continuous wave (CW) laser, it is usually due to the melting of the surface as a result of absorbing the laser's energy or damage to the optical coating (antireflection) [1]. Pulsed lasers with pulse lengths longer than 1 µs can be treated as CW lasers for LIDT discussions.

Darunter sind eher klassischere Objektive, aber auch ganz spezielle Exoten: Wie beispielsweise das Laowa 24 mm f/14 Probe, welches wasserfest ist und sich so für die Makro-Fotografie von kleinen Fischen direkt im Aquarium eignet!

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Das Laowa 100 mm f/2,8 2:1 Ultra Macro APO Objektiv lässt sich im Makro-Einstellbereich stufenlos bis zur 2-fachen Vergrößerung einstellen. Dabei entspricht seine Bauform und Größe anderen Makro-Objektiven, die sich lediglich bis zum Maßstab 1:1 einstellen lassen.

Für deinen Einstieg in die Makro-Fotografie brauchst du nicht viel – im Grunde nicht mal ein Makro-Objektiv, wenn du mit einem Umkehrring anfängst. Wer allerdings höhere Vergrößerungen und noch schärfere Bilder oder besondere Features will, der wird nicht um spezielle Makro-Objektive herumkommen.

Beam diameter is also important to know when comparing damage thresholds. While the LIDT, when expressed in units of J/cm², scales independently of spot size; large beam sizes are more likely to illuminate a larger number of defects which can lead to greater variances in the LIDT [4]. For data presented here, a <1 mm beam size was used to measure the LIDT. For beams sizes greater than 5 mm, the LIDT (J/cm2) will not scale independently of beam diameter due to the larger size beam exposing more defects.

UV-grade fused silica is well-suited for applications that benefit from increased transmission deeper into the UV than N-BK7. UV fused silica also offers a lower index of refraction for a given wavelength, better homogeneity, and a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than N-BK7.

Gerade in der Makro-Fotografie reicht das aber oft nicht aus, um dreidimensionale Objekte scharf abzubilden. Die Tilt-Funktion ermöglicht es, die Schärfenebene in jede Richtung zu kippen, sodass man sie passend auf das Objekt legen kann. Dadurch kann man die Einschränkungen der geringen Schärfentiefe gezielt umgehen.

Moment, Tilt-Shift? Ist das nicht etwas für die Architekturfotografie? Nicht nur, wie uns Guido Krebs, der Leiter Technisches Marketing bei Canon DACH, im Experteninterview erklärt. Hier stellen wir dir acht Objektive vor, die wir besonders spannend fanden und die einen guten Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Typen an Makro-Objektiven bieten.

Makro-Objektiv Nikon

LIDT in energy density vs. pulse length and spot size. For short pulses, energy density becomes a constant with spot size. This graph was obtained from [1].

Please note that we have a buffer built in between the specified damage thresholds online and the tests which we have done, which accommodates variation between batches. Upon request, we can provide individual test information and a testing certificate. The damage analysis will be carried out on a similar optic (customer's optic will not be damaged). Testing may result in additional costs or lead times. Contact Tech Support for more information.

The following is a general overview of how laser induced damage thresholds are measured and how the values may be utilized in determining the appropriateness of an optic for a given application. When choosing optics, it is important to understand the Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of the optics being used. The LIDT for an optic greatly depends on the type of laser you are using. Continuous wave (CW) lasers typically cause damage from thermal effects (absorption either in the coating or in the substrate). Pulsed lasers, on the other hand, often strip electrons from the lattice structure of an optic before causing thermal damage. Note that the guideline presented here assumes room temperature operation and optics in new condition (i.e., within scratch-dig spec, surface free of contamination, etc.). Because dust or other particles on the surface of an optic can cause damage at lower thresholds, we recommend keeping surfaces clean and free of debris. For more information on cleaning optics, please see our Optics Cleaning tutorial.

The Ø1" and 25 mm x 36 mm windows are available with a 1.0 mm thick substrate. 1.0 mm thick windows are ideal for ultrafast applications or in situations where space is limited. We recommend mounting the thin, round windows in our LMR1 or LMR1/M Fixed Lens Mount and securing them with a SM1LTRR Stress-Free Retaining Ring.

Das Weitwinkelobjektiv hat einen Abbildungsmaßstab 1:1 und eine Naheinstellgrenze von zwölf Zentimetern. Die Besonderheit ist hier die Shift-Funktion.

All of the round UVFS windows can be ordered from stock uncoated or with one of the following broadband AR coatings: 245 - 400 nm (designated as -UV), 350 - 700 nm (designated as -A), 650 - 1050 nm (designated as -B), or 1050 - 1700 nm (designated as -C).Thorlabs' high-performance multilayer AR coatings have an average reflectance of less than 0.5% (per surface) across the specified wavelength ranges (denoted by the shaded blue area in the Coating graphs below). These AR coatings provide good performance for angles of incidence (AOI) between 0° - 30° (0.5 NA). The substrate transmission graph below shows the transmission of light through an uncoated UVFS substrate. For optics intended to be used at larger incident angles, consider ordering a custom coating optimized for a 45° angle of incidence; these coatings are recommended for use with incidence angles from 25° to 52°. Please contact Tech Support to order optics with custom coatings.

Thorlabs' UV Fused Silica High-Precision Windows are available in four sizes ranging from Ø1/2" to Ø2" and a rectangular 25 mm x 36 mm size. Round windows can be purchased from stock uncoated (185 nm - 2.1 μm) or with one of our four low-loss standard broadband antireflection coatings deposited on both surfaces: -UV (245 - 400 nm), -A (350 - 700 nm), -B (650 - 1050 nm), or -C (1050 - 1700 nm). While uncoated windows have typical losses of about 4% per surface, the AR coatings reduce this to Ravg < 0.5%. These AR coatings provide good performance for angles of incidence (AOI) between 0° and 30°. For additional information on these coatings, please see the Graphs tab.

As described above, the maximum energy density of a Gaussian beam is about twice the average energy density. So, the maximum energy density of this beam is ~0.7 J/cm2.

In der Makro-Fotografie von Produkten oder kleinen Gegenständen nutzt die Shift-Verstellung ebenfalls gegen stürzende Linien, die bei kleinen Objekten meist als ungewollte Verzerrungen der Objekte (z. B. Verpackungen, Schmuck, Uhren) störend wahrgenommen werden.

Hier bietet jeder Kamerahersteller seine hauseigenen Optiken an, die in der Regel einen Abbildungsmaßstab von 1:2 oder 1:1 bieten und sich durch eine geringe Naheinstellgrenze und eine oft exzellente Schärfe auszeichnen.

Pulsed Nanosecond Laser Example: Scaling for Different Pulse DurationsSuppose that a pulsed Nd:YAG laser system is frequency tripled to produce a 10 Hz output, consisting of 2 ns output pulses at 355 nm, each with 1 J of energy, in a Gaussian beam with a 1.9 cm beam diameter (1/e2). The average energy density of each pulse is found by dividing the pulse energy by the beam area:

Die Blenden- und Fokuseinstellung erfolgt manuell. Erhältlich für Canon EF, Nikon F, L-Mount, Pentax K, Sony E und Sony A. Preis: rund 620 Euro

Das Tilt-und-Shift Makro-Objektiv Canon TS-E 135mm F/4 L ermöglicht die Steuerung von Perspektive und Schärfentiefe. Mit einem Abbildungsmaßstab bis zu 1:2 bietet es keine ganz so hohe Vergrößerung wie andere Makro-Objektive.

Doch Makro-Objektiv ist nicht gleich Makro-Objektiv. Auf dem Markt gibt es mittlerweile eine riesige Fülle an unterschiedlichen Objektiven für die Makro-Fotografie. So finden sich hier Optiken mit fünffacher Vergrößerung, integriertem Ringlicht bis hin zu Tilt-Shift-Funktionen!

Thorlabs expresses LIDT for CW lasers as a linear power density measured in W/cm. In this regime, the LIDT given as a linear power density can be applied to any beam diameter; one does not need to compute an adjusted LIDT to adjust for changes in spot size, as demonstrated by the graph to the right. Average linear power density can be calculated using the equation below.

Please note that we have a buffer built in between the specified damage thresholds online and the tests which we have done, which accommodates variation between batches. Upon request, we can provide individual test information and a testing certificate. Contact Tech Support for more information.

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This adjustment factor results in LIDT values of 0.45 J/cm2 for the BB1-E01 broadband mirror and 1.6 J/cm2 for the Nd:YAG laser line mirror, which are to be compared with the 0.7 J/cm2 maximum energy density of the beam. While the broadband mirror would likely be damaged by the laser, the more specialized laser line mirror is appropriate for use with this system.

Das Laowa 24mm F/14 Probe gehört definitiv auf die spektakuläre Seite der Objektive, die wir dir hier vorstellen. Es ist zwar nicht besonders lichtstark, kommt aber mit integriertem LED-Ringlicht, ist bis zu einer Tiefe von 20 Zentimetern wasserdicht und bietet einen Blickwinkel von 85 Grad.

While this rule of thumb provides a general trend, it is not a quantitative analysis of LIDT vs wavelength. In CW applications, for instance, damage scales more strongly with absorption in the coating and substrate, which does not necessarily scale well with wavelength. While the above procedure provides a good rule of thumb for LIDT values, please contact Tech Support if your wavelength is different from the specified LIDT wavelength. If your power density is less than the adjusted LIDT of the optic, then the optic should work for your application.

The energy density of the beam can be compared to the LIDT values of 1 J/cm2 and 3.5 J/cm2 for a BB1-E01 broadband dielectric mirror and an NB1-K08 Nd:YAG laser line mirror, respectively. Both of these LIDT values, while measured at 355 nm, were determined with a 10 ns pulsed laser at 10 Hz. Therefore, an adjustment must be applied for the shorter pulse duration of the system under consideration. As described on the previous tab, LIDT values in the nanosecond pulse regime scale with the square root of the laser pulse duration:

Normal distribution calculator · 1 . Enter mean and standard deviation. · 2 . Choose whether to calculate the area between two values, below a given value, or ...

Pulsed Microsecond Laser ExampleConsider a laser system that produces 1 µs pulses, each containing 150 µJ of energy at a repetition rate of 50 kHz, resulting in a relatively high duty cycle of 5%. This system falls somewhere between the regimes of CW and pulsed laser induced damage, and could potentially damage an optic by mechanisms associated with either regime. As a result, both CW and pulsed LIDT values must be compared to the properties of the laser system to ensure safe operation.

Während bei den kurzen Brennweiten in der Architekturfotografie in erster Linie die Shift- Funktion zum Ausgleich stürzender Linien zum Einsatz kommt, wird in der Makro-Fotografie sowohl die Shift- als auch die Tilt-Verstellung nach Scheimpflug eingesetzt.

Hier beginnt der Abbildungsmaßstab nämlich bei 2,5:1 und geht bis 5:1 wie bei dem Canon MP-E. Mit knapp 500 Euro ist es zudem sogar recht preiswert.

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Fokussieren kann das Canon MP-E 65mm F/2,8 1-5x nur manuell, und wir raten zusätzlich mit einer Makro-Fokusschiene zu arbeiten. Preis: rund 980 Euro

Pulsed Nanosecond Laser Example: Scaling for Different WavelengthsSuppose that a pulsed laser system emits 10 ns pulses at 2.5 Hz, each with 100 mJ of energy at 1064 nm in a 16 mm diameter beam (1/e2) that must be attenuated with a neutral density filter. For a Gaussian output, these specifications result in a maximum energy density of 0.1 J/cm2. The damage threshold of an NDUV10A Ø25 mm, OD 1.0, reflective neutral density filter is 0.05 J/cm2 for 10 ns pulses at 355 nm, while the damage threshold of the similar NE10A absorptive filter is 10 J/cm2 for 10 ns pulses at 532 nm. As described on the previous tab, the LIDT value of an optic scales with the square root of the wavelength in the nanosecond pulse regime:

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Pulsed lasers with high pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) may behave similarly to CW beams. Unfortunately, this is highly dependent on factors such as absorption and thermal diffusivity, so there is no reliable method for determining when a high PRF laser will damage an optic due to thermal effects. For beams with a high PRF both the average and peak powers must be compared to the equivalent CW power. Additionally, for highly transparent materials, there is little to no drop in the LIDT with increasing PRF.

Du willst ganz sicher und ausschließlich so richtig nah an dein Motiv? Dann ist die Weitwinkel-Festbrennweite Laowa 25mm F/2,8 Ultra Macro 2,5-5x eine gute Idee.

Besonders wichtig ist aber die Tilt-Funktion nach Scheimpflug, die die Schärfenebene einstellbar macht. Bei üblichen Objektiven ist die Schärfenebene immer parallel zum Bildsensor ausgerichtet. Die Erweiterung der Schärfentiefe wird durch Abblenden nach vorne und hinten erreicht.

Mit dem Canon TS-E 50mm F/2,8 L Macro ist ein Verschwenken von ± 8,5 Grad, ein Verschieben von ± zwölf Millimeter und eine Rotation der Tilt-und-Shift-Funktion von ± 90 Grad in jede Richtung möglich. Preis: rund 2.300 Euro

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If this relatively long-pulse laser emits a Gaussian 12.7 mm diameter beam (1/e2) at 980 nm, then the resulting output has a linear power density of 5.9 W/cm and an energy density of 1.2 x 10-4 J/cm2 per pulse. This can be compared to the LIDT values for a WPQ10E-980 polymer zero-order quarter-wave plate, which are 5 W/cm for CW radiation at 810 nm and 5 J/cm2 for a 10 ns pulse at 810 nm. As before, the CW LIDT of the optic scales linearly with the laser wavelength, resulting in an adjusted CW value of 6 W/cm at 980 nm. On the other hand, the pulsed LIDT scales with the square root of the laser wavelength and the square root of the pulse duration, resulting in an adjusted value of 55 J/cm2 for a 1 µs pulse at 980 nm. The pulsed LIDT of the optic is significantly greater than the energy density of the laser pulse, so individual pulses will not damage the wave plate. However, the large average linear power density of the laser system may cause thermal damage to the optic, much like a high-power CW beam.

Dies ist ein spezielles Lupenobjektiv für größere Abbildungsmaßstäbe als 1:1 – und das ganz ohne jedes weitere Zubehör. Hier kannst du mit noch feineren Details arbeiten, ohne auf einen teuren und sehr speziellen Makroaufbau mit Mikroskop-Optik, Verlängerungs-Tubus und Co zurückzugreifen.

However, the maximum power density of a Gaussian beam is about twice the maximum power density of a uniform beam, as shown in the graph to the right. Therefore, a more accurate determination of the maximum linear power density of the system is 1 W/cm.

Die Naheinstellgrenze von 27 Zentimetern ermöglicht Makroaufnahmen im Abbildungsverhältnis von 1:2 mit einer einzigartigen Fokussierung und zusätzlicher Kontrolle von Perspektive und Schärfentiefe durch die Tilt-Shift-Funktion.

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The calculation above assumes a uniform beam intensity profile. You must now consider hotspots in the beam or other non-uniform intensity profiles and roughly calculate a maximum power density. For reference, a Gaussian beam typically has a maximum power density that is twice that of the uniform beam (see lower right).

The pulse length must now be compensated for. The longer the pulse duration, the more energy the optic can handle. For pulse widths between 1 - 100 ns, an approximation is as follows:

Now compare the maximum energy density to that which is specified as the LIDT for the optic. If the optic was tested at a wavelength other than your operating wavelength, the damage threshold must be scaled appropriately [3]. A good rule of thumb is that the damage threshold has an inverse square root relationship with wavelength such that as you move to shorter wavelengths, the damage threshold decreases (i.e., a LIDT of 1 J/cm2 at 1064 nm scales to 0.7 J/cm2 at 532 nm):

According to the test, the damage threshold of the mirror was 2.00 J/cm2 (532 nm, 10 ns pulse, 10 Hz, Ø0.803 mm). Please keep in mind that these tests are performed on clean optics, as dirt and contamination can significantly lower the damage threshold of a component. While the test results are only representative of one coating run, Thorlabs specifies damage threshold values that account for coating variances.

Use this formula to calculate the Adjusted LIDT for an optic based on your pulse length. If your maximum energy density is less than this adjusted LIDT maximum energy density, then the optic should be suitable for your application. Keep in mind that this calculation is only used for pulses between 10-9 s and 10-7 s. For pulses between 10-7 s and 10-4 s, the CW LIDT must also be checked before deeming the optic appropriate for your application.

In order to illustrate the process of determining whether a given laser system will damage an optic, a number of example calculations of laser induced damage threshold are given below. For assistance with performing similar calculations, we provide a spreadsheet calculator that can be downloaded by clicking the button to the right. To use the calculator, enter the specified LIDT value of the optic under consideration and the relevant parameters of your laser system in the green boxes. The spreadsheet will then calculate a linear power density for CW and pulsed systems, as well as an energy density value for pulsed systems. These values are used to calculate adjusted, scaled LIDT values for the optics based on accepted scaling laws. This calculator assumes a Gaussian beam profile, so a correction factor must be introduced for other beam shapes (uniform, etc.). The LIDT scaling laws are determined from empirical relationships; their accuracy is not guaranteed. Remember that absorption by optics or coatings can significantly reduce LIDT in some spectral regions. These LIDT values are not valid for ultrashort pulses less than one nanosecond in duration.

Now compare the maximum power density to that which is specified as the LIDT for the optic. If the optic was tested at a wavelength other than your operating wavelength, the damage threshold must be scaled appropriately. A good rule of thumb is that the damage threshold has a linear relationship with wavelength such that as you move to shorter wavelengths, the damage threshold decreases (i.e., a LIDT of 10 W/cm at 1310 nm scales to 5 W/cm at 655 nm):