FOVto focal length calculator

As well the APO lenses these have all the features you would expect to find on a binocular in this class and they use the very best SCHOTT fluoride ED-glass elements within their apochromatically-corrected lenses.

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Winner of the award for Best Overall Binoculars in 2021 and then again in 2022, these Vortex binoculars are truly one of the best binoculars that I have ever used and whilst they are by no means cheap, these are certainly far less expensive than the top models from the European ‘alpha’ brands.

Jul 17, 2023 — Anti-glare lenses are designed to reduce the glare reflecting off your lenses from bright lights, reflections and harsh indoor or outdoor ...

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As well as their use of Apochromatic Lenses, these fantastic binos come with ED glass elements, phase corrected Abbe-Koenig roof prisms and protective outer lens coatings. indeed almost every single component used on the Razor UHD is the best that you can get.

Benefits Although they don’t have to, most apochromatic lenses consist of three elements and as as you can see from the image above, because they bring light of three different frequencies to a common focus, they have a better correction of chromatic aberration and spherical aberration than achromat lenses.

Like the Vortex and Snypex binoculars above, Minox’s top-of-the-line APO HG binoculars are also optically about as good as it gets.

Translating into the PIP with objective magnification of MO, we can compute the sensor pixel size required to fulfill the Nyquist criterion:

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When light passes through a simple single lens, the distance behind the lens at which each of the individual wavelengths of light comes into perfect focus varies. This dispersion of white light along the optical axis causes chromatic and spherical aberrations which result in you seeing soft overall images and color fringing along the edges of high-contrasting objects.

Field of view human eye

2021324 — A microscope is an instrument used for looking at objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye and microscopy is the science of using a microscope.

Another major highlight on these is the wide field of view, which for a 10x binocular is very impressive and matches that of many 8x binoculars and thus you get the best of both worlds with the Hawke Frontier APO 10x42 binoculars: more detail without an appreciable loss in the image width.

Make no mistake these Vortex binoculars are very, very good and thanks to a magnesium body they have managed to keep the weight down as well, which is usually one of the main downsides to apochromatic triplet bins.

MicroPoint and FRAPPA use Gaussian laser beams and Gaussian beams remain Gaussian with a theoretical minimum focus spot diameter of l, where l is the wavelength. This can only be achieved if the collimated laser beam fills the objective aperture.

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The temperature dependence of glass and liquid index of refraction and dispersion must be accounted for during apochromat design to assure good optical performance over reasonable temperature ranges with only slight re-focusing. In some cases, apochromatic designs without irregular dispersion glasses are possible.

If three or more visible wavelengths of light are brought into focus at the same point behind the lens, the lens is known as an apochromat or is called an apochromatic lens. APO is the abbreviation for apochromatic.

PD, or Pupillary Distance, is the distance between your pupils. It's a crucial measurement for ensuring the perfect fit of your glasses. Measuring your PD is ...

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Recently I have seen as well as reviewed and tested more and more top end binoculars that use Apochromatic lenses (APO) and whilst some manufacturers mention that their products have an APO optical system, very few (if any) go on to explain exactly what it is and what it does.

Subject to application requirements, Nyquist may or may not be necessary, Using an objective lens of 100X, 1.4 NA we see that Neo, Clara, iXon3 885 and Luca R are all capable of achieving the Nyquist criterion: 2 * Px = 22 µm. While at 60X 1.4 NA, only Neo and Clara can provide small enough pixels.

In a microscope system, the camera is coupled via a C-mount adapter and located in a primary image plane (PIP). The PIP is our reference for the definition of FOV and FOI.

Whist not able to achieve the 100% of reflectivity, Hawke combat this by using the very best dielectric coatings on the prisms to get very close (more than 99% across the visible light spectrum).

Achieving an outstanding BBR score of 92%, they got a perfect 10/10 for optical components, optical stats and image quality.

ED Glass Both achromatic and apochromatic lenses often contain at least one element that uses a special low-dispersion glass. For more take a look at my complete guide to Extra Low Dispersion Glass (ED Glass).

In the PIP, FOV is defined as the extent of the image sensor in X and Y dimensions. For consistency we define FOI as the extent of illumination in the PIP. This is convenient because we can easily calculate overlap between the two.

Apochromatic Triplet Lenses are as the name suggests, a compound lens with three lens elements that are designed to achieve the same focal length for three wavelengths of light.

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Note: Whilst this award was some time ago now, these binoculars have been updated and are still every bit as good as when I first tested them.

1/RXY is a good approximation of the maximum spatial frequency in the image. To capture all information in the image (e.g. with a CCD detector) we must sample at frequency F to avoid “aliasing errors”. This is known as the Nyquist criterion:

If a compound lens is able to bring two wavelengths of light into focus in the same plane reducing these aberrations, the lens is know as an achromatic lens.

Negatives So we have gone over all the great things that an APO optical system can do and just how it improves your view, but what are the downsides?

Channelrhodopsin2 (ChRh2) is a light activated cation channel which can be expressed in neurons and used to control behavior in host organisms, including mice, c. elegans and drosophila. Stimulation with blue light (~470 nm), the power density, for photo-activation of ChRh2 is in the range 0.1-10 mW mm-2 and has a wide dynamic range.

As mentioned above, it is common to match FOV and FOI, but with active illumination other factors such as Power Density (PD) or Resolution may also be important considerations. Mosaic is equipped a 2X zoom laser collimator so you can trade FOI for PD.

M12 Lenses, also referred to as S-Mount Lenses or Micro-Video Lenses, are board lenses used to focus an image onto a camera sensor.

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In a fluorescence microscope resolution is dominated by the objective lens which both illuminates and images the specimen. The objective numerical aperture (NA) and the wavelength of detected light (l) define Resolution, RXY by the Rayleigh criterion as follows:

To help minimise this problem of color dispersion and spherical aberration, designers combine a number of lenses which have different optical properties and focal lengths to form a single multi-element lens, or otherwise known as a compound lens.

Power density, PD in the specimen plane is estimated from the ratio of beam power and area. Spectral transmission and chromatic errors in the microscope objective are critical to performance. To estimate specimen plane PDS, the Mosaic output beam power density is multiplied by the square of the magnification and the systems spectral transmission, T(l).

Here we define Field of View (FOV) by detector size and microscope objective, and Field of Illumination (FOI) relative to the detector and in the image plane.

Field of viewdefinitionmicroscope

This combined with the APO lens system that includes ED glass elements and a host of other features results in an image quality and brightness that is as good as you are going to see at this price level.

Listed below are binoculars that incorporate APO lenses into their system that i have tested, fully reviewed and highly recommend:

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This is the size of the smallest object the microscope can resolve, sometimes called the diffraction limit, and is also the diameter of the smallest spot to which a collimated beam of incoherent light can be focused. The shape of the spot is an Airy disk or optical point spread function, PSF, characteristic of the system.

Other highlights include a magnesium chassis, lockable diopter and a carry case that doubles as a fully enclosed bino harness. in fact, the package comes with all the necessary straps as well as an extra accessory pouch that can fit onto the front of the case or indeed anything that has the standard MOLLE webbing system.

The following variation on the Rayleigh criterion provides a definition for spatial resolution SXY of the illumination system:

Following close on the heels of the Vortex above are these very impressive Hawke binoculars, which use the more typically used Schmidt-Pechan design of roof-prism instead of the Abbe-Koenig design.

Oct 23, 2024 — The device pictured above is called a pH meter. It is a scientific measuring device that measures the acidity of a liquid.

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One of the main reasons I awarded these Vortex Razor binoculars the award of being the best binoculars I reviewed in 2012 was because of the fantastic quality of image they produce and definitely up there with the best I have ever seen.

The image on the right shows a compound lens made from two lens elements, one is a convex lens made from a crown glass and the other a concave lens made from a flint glass. As you can see this achromat brings the red and blue wavelengths of light into a common focus. This achromatic combination that typically brings red and blue into focus is currently by far the most commonly used method of improving the view in binoculars at the moment.

In order for an Apochromatic lenses to focus three wavelengths of light onto the same point, they require glasses that have special light dispersion properties. This is usually means using very expensive fluoro-crown glasses, abnormal flint glasses, and even sometimes optically transparent liquids in the thin spaces between glass elements and which have highly unusual dispersive properties.

The diffraction pattern resulting from a uniformly illuminated circular aperture has a bright region in the center, known as the Airy disc which together with a ...