by M Golub · 2019 · Cited by 5 — Abstract. Cyan fluorescent proteins (CFPs) are variants of green fluorescent proteins in which the central tyrosine of the chromophore has been ...

The reflectance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in reflecting radiant energy. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the electronic structure of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in general a function of the frequency, or wavelength, of the light, its polarization, and the angle of incidence. The dependence of reflectance on the wavelength is called a reflectance spectrum or spectral reflectance curve.

What isaberration

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The authors conclude that future tests of the visual impact of spherical and chromatic-correcting lenses should include mesopic test stimuli and spectrally separate light sources to avoid missing the potential gains of these corrections.

Difference betweenchromatic andmonochromaticaberration

They write that correction of high-order and chromatic aberrations may have its largest effect on vision at night under mesopic conditions because pupil size will be larger and, with the unique super-high contrast self-luminous light sources present at night, such as stars, headlights or street lights, even the relatively low-intensity tails of the point spread function are much more visible. They say that correction of spherical and chromatic aberrations may reduce or eliminate any night myopia and increase night-time image quality in pseudophakic eyes.

Given that reflectance is a directional property, most surfaces can be divided into those that give specular reflection and those that give diffuse reflection.

What isspherical aberrationin Physics

For layered and finite media, according to the CIE,[citation needed] reflectivity is distinguished from reflectance by the fact that reflectivity is a value that applies to thick reflecting objects.[6] When reflection occurs from thin layers of material, internal reflection effects can cause the reflectance to vary with surface thickness. Reflectivity is the limit value of reflectance as the sample becomes thick; it is the intrinsic reflectance of the surface, hence irrespective of other parameters such as the reflectance of the rear surface. Another way to interpret this is that the reflectance is the fraction of electromagnetic power reflected from a specific sample, while reflectivity is a property of the material itself, which would be measured on a perfect machine if the material filled half of all space.[7]

Chromatic aberrationin lenses

Reflection occurs when light moves from a medium with one index of refraction into a second medium with a different index of refraction.

This editorial addresses the potential challenges of spherical and longitudinal chromatic aberration correction with new IOL designs and concludes that although spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatic aberration corrections can be included in IOL designs, the visual benefits may remain unnoticed at photopic light levels and undetected with a typical photopic high-contrast clinical visual acuity test. However, they can be readily seen at night under mesopic conditions while viewing localized light sources. This is because with spherical aberrations, the near-paraxial refraction present photopically already generates a small central core to the point spread function, and most photopic stimuli are low contrast and spectrally broadband. Also, there may be problems of lens decentration and tilt. The authors note that spherical and chromatic correction at night may remove the visible high-contrast tails of the point spread function of self-luminous sources and enable simultaneous focus of different colored light sources. They write that correction of high-order and chromatic aberrations may have its largest effect on vision at night under mesopic conditions because pupil size will be larger and, with the unique super-high contrast self-luminous light sources present at night, such as stars, headlights or street lights, even the relatively low-intensity tails of the point spread function are much more visible. They say that correction of spherical and chromatic aberrations may reduce or eliminate any night myopia and increase night-time image quality in pseudophakic eyes. The authors conclude that future tests of the visual impact of spherical and chromatic-correcting lenses should include mesopic test stimuli and spectrally separate light sources to avoid missing the potential gains of these corrections.

For homogeneous and semi-infinite (see halfspace) materials, reflectivity is the same as reflectance. Reflectivity is the square of the magnitude of the Fresnel reflection coefficient,[4] which is the ratio of the reflected to incident electric field;[5] as such the reflection coefficient can be expressed as a complex number as determined by the Fresnel equations for a single layer, whereas the reflectance is always a positive real number.

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For diffuse surfaces, such as matte white paint, reflectance is uniform; radiation is reflected in all angles equally or near-equally. Such surfaces are said to be Lambertian.

The spectral hemispherical reflectance in frequency and spectral hemispherical reflectance in wavelength of a surface, denoted Rν and Rλ respectively, are defined as[1] R ν = Φ e , ν r Φ e , ν i , {\displaystyle R_{\nu }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} R λ = Φ e , λ r Φ e , λ i , {\displaystyle R_{\lambda }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} where

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For specular surfaces, such as glass or polished metal, reflectance is nearly zero at all angles except at the appropriate reflected angle; that is the same angle with respect to the surface normal in the plane of incidence, but on the opposing side. When the radiation is incident normal to the surface, it is reflected back into the same direction.

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The generalization of reflectance to a diffraction grating, which disperses light by wavelength, is called diffraction efficiency.

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This is because with spherical aberrations, the near-paraxial refraction present photopically already generates a small central core to the point spread function, and most photopic stimuli are low contrast and spectrally broadband. Also, there may be problems of lens decentration and tilt.

Distinguish betweenspherical aberration and chromatic aberration andcite a remedy for each

A real water surface may be wavy. Reflectance, which assumes a flat surface as given by the Fresnel equations, can be adjusted to account for waviness.

The authors note that spherical and chromatic correction at night may remove the visible high-contrast tails of the point spread function of self-luminous sources and enable simultaneous focus of different colored light sources.

Spherical aberration

The directional reflectance of a surface, denoted RΩ, is defined as[1] R Ω = L e , Ω r L e , Ω i , {\displaystyle R_{\Omega }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} where

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The spectral directional reflectance in frequency and spectral directional reflectance in wavelength of a surface, denoted RΩ,ν and RΩ,λ respectively, are defined as[1] R Ω , ν = L e , Ω , ν r L e , Ω , ν i , {\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\nu }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} R Ω , λ = L e , Ω , λ r L e , Ω , λ i , {\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\lambda }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} where

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Spherical and chromatic aberrationpdf

This editorial addresses the potential challenges of spherical and longitudinal chromatic aberration correction with new IOL designs and concludes that although spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatic aberration corrections can be included in IOL designs, the visual benefits may remain unnoticed at photopic light levels and undetected with a typical photopic high-contrast clinical visual acuity test. However, they can be readily seen at night under mesopic conditions while viewing localized light sources. This is because with spherical aberrations, the near-paraxial refraction present photopically already generates a small central core to the point spread function, and most photopic stimuli are low contrast and spectrally broadband. Also, there may be problems of lens decentration and tilt. The authors note that spherical and chromatic correction at night may remove the visible high-contrast tails of the point spread function of self-luminous sources and enable simultaneous focus of different colored light sources. They write that correction of high-order and chromatic aberrations may have its largest effect on vision at night under mesopic conditions because pupil size will be larger and, with the unique super-high contrast self-luminous light sources present at night, such as stars, headlights or street lights, even the relatively low-intensity tails of the point spread function are much more visible. They say that correction of spherical and chromatic aberrations may reduce or eliminate any night myopia and increase night-time image quality in pseudophakic eyes. The authors conclude that future tests of the visual impact of spherical and chromatic-correcting lenses should include mesopic test stimuli and spectrally separate light sources to avoid missing the potential gains of these corrections.

Spherical aberration and chromatic aberrationdifference

The hemispherical reflectance of a surface, denoted R, is defined as[1] R = Φ e r Φ e i , {\displaystyle R={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}},} where Φer is the radiant flux reflected by that surface and Φei is the radiant flux received by that surface.

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This depends on both the reflected direction and the incoming direction. In other words, it has a value for every combination of incoming and outgoing directions. It is related to the bidirectional reflectance distribution function and its upper limit is 1. Another measure of reflectance, depending only on the outgoing direction, is I/F, where I is the radiance reflected in a given direction and F is the incoming radiance averaged over all directions, in other words, the total flux of radiation hitting the surface per unit area, divided by π.[2] This can be greater than 1 for a glossy surface illuminated by a source such as the sun, with the reflectance measured in the direction of maximum radiance (see also Seeliger effect).

Specular reflection from a body of water is calculated by the Fresnel equations.[8] Fresnel reflection is directional and therefore does not contribute significantly to albedo which primarily diffuses reflection.

This editorial addresses the potential challenges of spherical and longitudinal chromatic aberration correction with new IOL designs and concludes that although spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatic aberration corrections can be included in IOL designs, the visual benefits may remain unnoticed at photopic light levels and undetected with a typical photopic high-contrast clinical visual acuity test. However, they can be readily seen at night under mesopic conditions while viewing localized light sources.

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Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for D112mm Glass Fresnel Lens EFL55mm Threaded Lens Spotlight for Stage lights at the best online ...