Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes referred to simply as infrared, is a region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum where wavelengths range from about 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimeter (mm).

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Infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but heat sensors can detect longer infrared waves. Infrared shares some characteristics with visible light, however. Like visible light, infrared light can be focused, reflected and polarized.

Infrared is typically subdivided into multiple spectral regions, or bands, based on wavelength. However, there is no uniform definition of each band's exact boundaries.

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Infrared has a variety of uses and applications. Some common uses for IR include heat sensors, thermal imaging and night vision equipment.

British astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered infrared in 1800. Herschel knew sunlight could separate into components, which occurs when light refracts through a glass prism. He then measured the temperatures of the different colors created.

Infrared waves are longer than visible light waves but shorter than radio waves. Correspondingly, the frequencies of IR are higher than microwave frequencies but lower than visible light frequencies, ranging from about 300 gigahertz to 400 terahertz (THz).

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Besides, pulse signals are different when two identical particles are illuminated at different positions on the cross section of a pure Gaussian laser beam, leading to errors in particle size analysis. Compared to Gaussian beams, the application of flat top beams offers more accurate and predictable results.

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Herschel found the temperature increased as the colors progressed from violet all the way to red light. Herschel then went a step further and measured the temperature in the portion beyond the red area. There, in the infrared area, he found the temperature was the highest of all.

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In networking, wired and wireless operations use infrared light. Remote controls use near-infrared light, transmitted with LEDs, to send focused signals to home-entertainment devices, such as televisions. Fiber optic cables also use infrared light to transmit data.

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In addition, astronomers extensively use infrared to observe objects in space that the human eye can't detect, such as molecular clouds, stars, planets and active galaxies.

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Infrared is commonly separated into near-, mid- and far-infrared. It can also divide into the following five categories:

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The flat top laser beam utilized in the optical particle counter provides a laser beam with uniformly distributed light intensity, ensuring a homogeneous illumination of the particles passing through the laser beam. The light extinction method is suitable for particles whose particle size is large than 1μm; for smaller particles smaller than 1μm, laser scattering is prioritized. The light intensity of the “wings” of the Gaussian laser beam is relatively low. Therefore, the corresponding scattered light signal probably cannot be identified when a small particle is illuminated in this position due to insufficient light intensity. The problem can be solved by using a flat top laser beam, in which the particles with the same particle size on the cross section of the laser beam are identically irradiated, providing constant pulse signals, improving counting accuracy, and expanding measurement range.