PARALLAX: Before we meet the Pentaprism, let’s look at a straight forward problem in photography: lining up the shot. To do this, most cameras have a VIEWFINDER, but as this image shows, viewfinders can lead to “parallax” problems. A simple demonstration of parallax is to hold up one finger about an inch in front of your nose; now close each eye in turn and watch as your finger appears to move side to side against the background. Voila: parallax! The same problem occurs with a camera as the viewfinder lies to the side of the camera lens: in this example, a photographer has lined up a shot beautifully through the viewfinder, only to discover that in the actual photo, Fred has a tree coming out of his head. Oh dear!

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Our two-mirror arrangement does nothing to fix this upside-down-back-to-front-ness: AND THIS IS WHERE THE MATHS SAVES THE DAY in the form of: the PENTAPRISM!!

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We now have: The Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera, although most SLR’s are now Digital: hence the DSLR camera, beloved of all pro and serious amateur photographers.

Select continue to find out. Select demo picture to see what a scene under these conditions might look like. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

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Ocular Lens (or eyepiece). Focuses the image from the objective into your eye. · Eyepiece Tube. Connects the eyepiece with the objective lens. · Objective Lenses.

Can you guess what would happen if the lens is too fat? Select continue to find out. Select demo picture to see what a scene under these conditions might look like. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

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Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

NEAR INFRARED: Between about 0.7 to 1.1 microns we can use the same observing methods as are use for visible light observations, except for observation by eye.

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LET’S FOLLOW THE LIGHT RAYS CAREFULLY: the lens REFLECTS the image, leaving it both upside down and back to front; the single mirror then REFLECTS it vertically, it’s now the right way up but is still back-to front; the Pentaprism now ROTATES the light beams through 90° while REFLECTING it vertically twice: these two reflections cancel each other out. We now have an image that just requires one horizontal flip to correct the back-to-front writing (technically called the “handedness” as in right or left handedness). To achieve this, maths came up with a cunning solution: replace one of the pentaprism’s reflecting surfaces with TWO surfaces meeting at 90° – and the ROOF PENTAPRISM was born!

. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

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REFLEX MIRRORS: To get both viewfinder and lens to see the exact same image, we can simply place a mirror at the back of the camera lens at 45°angle to reflect the light away from the camera, and then a second mirror to redirect the light through the viewfinder, like this.

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A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

Aug 14, 2016 — The f/# is defined as the focal length / diameter. The numerical aperture is n*sin(A), where A is the half-angle of the cone. These are ...

Let’s replace the upper mirror with a glass prism. Its cross-section is a pentagon with one angle of 90° and the other four angles at 122.5° (since the angle sum in any pentagon is 540°).

I love the ingenuity with which maths solved the parallax problem for photography, and the way it ties in with so much of the geometry (“shape”) that we learn at school. House Of Maths salutes the mighty Pentaprism!

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By the way, the technical term for this change in lens shape is accommodation. We frequently call it focusing. Continue Back If the lens can not properly focus light on the retina, the image will fall either behind or in front of the retina. Can you guess what would happen if the lens is too fat? Select continue to find out. Select demo picture to see what a scene under these conditions might look like. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

My adventures with Shuttersync Labs have led me to be interested in very large Fresnel lenses, which can conveniently be found in rear projection which are even ...

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The mirrors are called “reflex” because they reflect (nothing to do with angles larger than 180°). Now the real fun begins, because a focussing camera lens shrinks the image and REFLECTS it upside-down and back-to-front – something we can do in one go at GCSE using an ENLARGEMENT WITH NEGATIVE SCALE-FACTOR:

Apr 1, 2021 — The refractive index is measured by the reflection from an arbitrary surface of the sample; therefore, the structural parameters are not needed.

To see what would happen if the lens did not get fatter select continue. By the way, the technical term for this change in lens shape is accommodation. We frequently call it focusing. Continue Back If the lens can not properly focus light on the retina, the image will fall either behind or in front of the retina. Can you guess what would happen if the lens is too fat? Select continue to find out. Select demo picture to see what a scene under these conditions might look like. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

WARM-UP: write a word and look at it in a mirror. You’ll see that the word is now backwards: it has been REFLECTED HORIZONTALLY (like a reflection “in the y-axis”). Now place the mirror in different positions: on the floor, near the ceiling, on a wall – and look at your writing through the mirror. What happens to the writing each time? Can you guess what will happen if you look at it through 2 or more mirrors? You should find that a vertical mirror flips the word horizontally and vice versa; with two or more mirrors almost anything is possible!

(You can get a better idea of the change in lens shape by repeated selecting "continue" and "back" to alternate between graphic displays.) Continue When looking at nearby objects the lens gets fatter, causing the image of the object to be focused on to the retina in the fovea. To see what would happen if the lens did not get fatter select continue. By the way, the technical term for this change in lens shape is accommodation. We frequently call it focusing. Continue Back If the lens can not properly focus light on the retina, the image will fall either behind or in front of the retina. Can you guess what would happen if the lens is too fat? Select continue to find out. Select demo picture to see what a scene under these conditions might look like. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

Select demo picture to see what a scene under these conditions might look like. Continue Back Continue Back If you guessed that when the lens is too fat that light is focussed in front of the retina, you were right. Is there a remedy for lens problems that do not allow light to be properly focused on the retina? Sure, select continue. Continue Back Many people wear contact lenses to help image light properly on to the retina. Another solution is for a person to wear glasses. This places a lens in front of the eye not on the cornea as is the case with contact lenses. A recent solution is to use a laser to reshape the cornea. this solution is possible only in some cases. Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]

Another optical problem is astigmatism. Back Go to beginning of this section Table of Contents Subject Index Table of Contents [When not using frames]