The distance from the focus to the output side of the lens system is called the working distance. It is often good to have a substantial working distance, e.g. to avoid contaminations of the lens. It may also be useful to place a protective optical window close to the lens output.

For applications in laser material processing, the damage threshold of the lens system may be of interest. It is normally specified as an optical fluence in units of J/cm2.

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The field of view cannot be calculated from the pure type designation (e.g. 10 x 42) but are specified by the optical design. The size of the prism and the eyepiece in particular determine which image angles can pass through the binoculars. The lens diameter does not affect this it only influences the brightness.

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For an ordinary flat-field scanning lens, one obtains a nonlinear dependence of the spot position on the angular position of the rotating mirror. That nonlinearity can have various consequences. For example, a displayed or acquired image may be distorted, or the processing speed varies with the position. Therefore, so-called f–theta lenses (actually lens systems) have been developed where the spot position depends linearly (with only weak aberrations) on the beam angle <$\theta$>: it is approximately the product of the focal length <$f$> and the beam angle <$\theta$>. f–theta lenses are quite common for applications like laser marking and laser displays.

The field of view describes the area seen when looking through the optics – without moving them. For example, if you look at the edge of a forest through binoculars at a distance of 1,000 m and see an area covering 120 m, the binoculars have a field of view of 120 m/1,000 m.

For some applications like laser drilling of holes, a remaining problem is that the laser beam hits the target plane with non-normal incidence, except in the central point. Therefore, there are also so-called telecentric scan lenses, which are designed such that one obtains normal incidence for all points of the target plane (see Figure 2).

Human eyefield of viewin mm

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Telecentric lens systems have the obvious limitation that the scanned area on the target plane is limited by the size of the lens. That usually makes them unsuitable for display purposes, for example. An advantage, however, is that one obtains a quite precisely constant spot size over the full area.

In some cases, the mentioned nonlinear distortions of scanning lenses can also be compensated with software, so that an f–theta lens is not required.

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Because an exactly linear scanning is not possible, suppliers may specify the field distortion (f–theta distortion) is a function of deflection angle as a percentage. For good designs, the distortions can be far below 1%.

Our F–theta scanning lenses are designed for laser marking applications with Nd:YAG laser’s fundamental (1064 nm), second (532 nm) or third (355 nm) harmonic.

Like other lenses, scanning lenses are often designed for a certain range of operation wavelengths, which may be limited by the properties of used anti-reflection coatings and/or by chromatic aberrations. However, there are also multispectral lenses which work well e.g. at two different wavelengths (e.g. 1064 nm and 355 nm, corresponding to the third harmonic), exhibiting approximately the same focal length for both wavelengths. (This is relevant for multi-photon fluorescence microscopy, for example.) Other devices are color-corrected, also called achromatic, e.g. for use with broadband ultrashort pulses.

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Very small fields of view give the impression of looking through a tunnel. There is a lot of black on the outside and a small image area in the middle. this undesired effect occurs on simple products and primarily on many zoom binoculars.

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With our pre-engineered lenses, customers can select from a range of preliminary designs that best suit their application. Simply provide us with your application requirements such as dimensions, wavelength range, and field of view, and our skilled engineers will optimize our preliminary designs to meet your exact specifications.

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Our pre-engineered lenses give our customers the option to choose from a variety of preliminary designs based on what suits their application best. Just tell us your application requirements (dimensions, wavelength range, field of view, etc.) and our team of expert engineers will optimize our preliminary designs to meet your exact needs. This will save you the hassle of fully designing a product from scratch and help reduce or eliminate design fees!

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When using a simple spherical lens for that purpose, the focus positions can actually not all be in the wanted plane, but rather lie on an approximately spherical surface. Therefore, the spot size on the target plane will be increased in the outer regions. To solve that problem, flat-field scanning lenses have been developed, which provide an approximately constant spot size throughout the target plane. Precisely speaking, these are usually not simple lenses, but rather multi-element lens systems, having a substantial total length.

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When comparing the edge definition of different binoculars, it is vital to not only use the same types (e.g. 10 x 42) only, but also take the fields of view into consideration. If one pair has a field of view of 120 m and another 100m at 1,000 m only, it is easier for the second to have better edge definition. However, this “benefit” comes with a considerable loss of field of view.

Unlike binoculars or spotting scopes, riflescopes generally have a smaller field of view and it is given at 100 m instead of 1,000 m. For safety reasons (recoil), however, a complete view can be obtained from a much larger distance (eye relief).

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Field of viewhuman eye

The field of view depends on the magnification, i.e. in general lower magnification levels have a larger field of view than higher levels. Therefore, when comparing different binoculars you must compare those with the same magnification only.

The most important parameters of a non-telecentric scanning lens are the focal length and the output scan angle, which together determine the scan field diameter. The focal length together with the input beam radius (assuming that there is a collimated beam) determine the beam radius in the target plane: the larger the input beam, the smaller is the spot size.

Wide angle binoculars, on the other hand, shine with very large fields of view that offer a wide overview and comfortable observation. The field of view is so large that the image circle in the eyepiece appears at an angle of 60° or higher. This angle at which the image is observed in the eyepiece, is the subjective or eye-side viewing angle. The 60° threshold that determines the predicate “wide-angle” is specified in an ISO standard. Is a field of view, e.g. 120 m at 1,000 m, good or bad for binoculars? The answer depends on the magnification. 10x binoculars with this field of view would be very good (subjective viewing angle approx. 69°), a 7x pair with this field of view would be rather weak (subjective viewing angle of 48° only). The subjective viewing angle shows immediately if the field of view is pleasantly large and comfortable or if a tunnel vision can be expected.

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For a variety of laser applications such as laser marking, drilling, laser displays, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser microscopy, it is necessary to scan the direction of a laser beam and focus it to some plane (or for 1D scanning along a line). Such a laser scanner is often achieved by using some kind of rotating mirror or galvanometer mirror in conjunction with a scanning lens. As shown in Figure 1, such a lens will at the same time focus the beam and modify its propagation direction.

Occasionally, the viewing angle or objective viewing angle is given, e.g. 6°. The field of view and viewing angle can be easily calculated:

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The 03 Series of f–theta scanning lenses for CO2 lasers is designed to provide diffraction-limited optical performance over relatively large fields. Their multiple-lens-element design provides smaller focus spot sizes with virtually no deviation over the entire field and are, therefore, superior to single-element scan lenses. Air-spacing and anti-reflection coatings allow for optical power handling capability in excess of several hundred watts.

The spot on the target plane can become somewhat elliptical, particularly if the beam angle after the scanning lens is substantial. Therefore, one usually needs to limit that angle.

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Some scanning lenses need to be operated with very high optical powers. It is then important to have low parasitic losses and suitable optical materials in order to avoid thermal effects, which might affect the beam shape and the focal length.