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Unpolarized light contains waves that vibrate in all directions, while polarized light contains waves that vibrate in only one direction. When unpolarized light passes through a polarizing filter, the filter only allows the waves that vibrate in the same direction as the filter to pass through. This results in a decrease in the intensity of the light because only a portion of the waves are able to pass through the filter.

Light can become polarized through various processes such as reflection, scattering, and transmission. When light is reflected off of a non-metallic surface at a specific angle, it becomes partially polarized. This is known as Brewster's angle. Scattering of light by particles in the atmosphere also causes polarization, as does transmission through certain materials such as polarizing filters.

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Yes, polarized light can be converted back to unpolarized light through a process called depolarization. This can occur naturally when polarized light is reflected or scattered multiple times, causing its polarization to become randomized. Depolarization can also be achieved artificially by using a depolarizing filter or by passing the light through a birefringent material.

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The intensity of polarized light can be measured using a polarimeter. This device works by passing polarized light through a polarizing filter and then measuring the intensity of the light that passes through the filter. Another method is to use a photometer, which measures the amount of light that is absorbed by a polarizing filter placed between the light source and the photometer.

Polarized light has many practical applications, such as in 3D glasses and sunglasses, where it reduces glare and improves visibility. It is also used in photography and cinematography to improve image quality and reduce reflections. In scientific research, polarized light is used in microscopy to enhance contrast and reveal more details in the sample being observed.