Magnification is the process of enlarging the appearance of an object, making it look bigger than its actual size. In optics, it is the ratio of the size of the image produced by a lens or microscope to the actual size of the object being viewed.

Despite the pres­ence of opti­cal dis­tor­tions in many lens­es, their effects are often sub­tle and hard to notice in most pho­tographs. Dis­tor­tions become most evi­dent in images that fea­ture straight lines run­ning par­al­lel and close to the edges of the frame.

Microscopeparts

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Provides high magnification (up to 1000x or more) and high resolution for viewing fine details of cells, tissues, and microorganisms.

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Illuminate your subjects with brilliance. Our microscopes feature advanced lighting technologies, providing the perfect balance for optimal observation, even in low-light conditions.

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Stagemicroscopefunction

A Compound Microscope is a type of optical microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnify small objects. It consists of two sets of lenses: the objective lens, which is closer to the specimen and provides the initial magnification, and the eyepiece lens, which further magnifies the image for the viewer's eye. Light passes through the specimen and is magnified by the objective lens, then further magnified by the eyepiece lens, resulting in a highly magnified image visible to the observer. Compound microscopes are commonly used in biology, medicine, and other scientific fields for viewing cells, tissues, and other small structures.

A phase contrast microscope is an optical microscope designed to enhance the contrast of transparent and colorless specimens without the need for staining. It works by exploiting differences in the refractive index of different parts of the specimen, transforming these differences into variations in light intensity.

Chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tions man­i­fest them­selves as fringes of colour on high-con­trast edges. They are caused by dif­fer­ent wave­lengths of light (i.e., dif­fer­ent colours) under­go­ing vary­ing degrees of refrac­tion and being focused at dif­fer­ent posi­tions as they pass through the lens. Two types of chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tion exist: axi­al (or lon­gi­tu­di­nal) and trans­verse (or lat­er­al). Axi­al chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tions are caused by dif­fer­ent wave­lengths of light focus­ing at vary­ing dis­tances from the lens. Blue-vio­let light focus­es clos­er to the lens than red, with green com­ing into focus between them. Axi­al chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tions can be min­i­mized by stop­ping down your aper­ture, which brings the wave­lengths into accept­able focus. Trans­verse chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tions occur when dif­fer­ent wave­lengths of light focus on dif­fer­ent posi­tions of the focal plane (i.e., on the image sen­sor). These issues typ­i­cal­ly occur with short-focus lens­es, par­tic­u­lar­ly ultra-wide lens­es. Trans­verse chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tions can­not be reduced by stop­ping down the aper­ture but can be effec­tive­ly min­i­mized in raw files using soft­ware like Adobe Light­room.

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Opti­cal aber­ra­tions are imper­fec­tions in the way lens­es con­verge rays of light to a point. These lens aber­ra­tions can be cat­e­go­rized into two types: the imper­fect con­ver­gence of light to a focused point (affect­ing sharp­ness) and flawed geo­met­ric pro­jec­tion of the scene (man­i­fest­ing as dis­tor­tions or warp­ing). When design­ing a lens, opti­cal engi­neers face a series of com­plex com­pro­mis­es to min­i­mize aber­ra­tions. Since no lens is per­fect, engi­neers must make the best pos­si­ble trade-offs with­in the con­straints of the intend­ed use, fea­tures, pro­duc­tion costs, and tar­get price. While there is lit­tle you can do about aber­ra­tions in your lens­es (apart from stop­ping down the aper­ture), it’s help­ful to under­stand them when con­sid­er­ing a new pur­chase. More impor­tant­ly, as a pho­tog­ra­ph­er, being aware of your lens­es’ lim­i­ta­tions allows you to lever­age their strengths and avoid empha­siz­ing their weak­ness­es.

Magnification works by bending light through lenses or using digital technology to enlarge the appearance of an object, allowing for detailed observation and analysis.

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Aber­ra­tions are the pri­ma­ry cause of reduced acu­ity in lens­es that are cor­rect­ly focused. There are five types you should know about, chro­mat­ic aber­ra­tion, spher­i­cal aber­ra­tion, cur­va­ture of field, coma, and astig­ma­tism.

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Objective lens microscopefunction

The terms monocular, binocular, and trinocular refer to the different types of microscope heads, each offering a distinct way of viewing the specimen.

A monocular microscope head is a basic type of microscope head with a single eyepiece, ideal for cost-effective and straightforward applications. It is particularly useful in educational settings and for beginners, but it can lead to eye strain over long periods and lacks the depth perception provided by more advanced binocular and trinocular heads.

Objective lensfunction

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Unlike the aber­ra­tions men­tioned above, dis­tor­tions do not gen­er­al­ly affect image sharp­ness and can­not be min­i­mized by stop­ping down the lens. How­ev­er, bar­rel and pin­cush­ion dis­tor­tions can be effi­cient­ly cor­rect­ed using soft­ware like Adobe Light­room, and most mod­ern cam­eras auto­mat­i­cal­ly apply the appro­pri­ate cor­rec­tions when tak­ing a pic­ture. Cor­rect­ing com­plex dis­tor­tions is also pos­si­ble but requires a cor­rec­tion pro­file that accu­rate­ly maps the struc­ture of the warped geom­e­try.

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Commonly used in biological research, medical diagnostics, and educational settings for detailed examination of specimens.

Objective lensmagnification

Coma refers to a lens’s reduced abil­i­ty to ren­der a sharp point image that orig­i­nates away from the lens axis. As the name sug­gests, the result­ing image of such a point source has a shape resem­bling a comet’s tail. Coma can be min­i­mized by stop­ping down the aper­ture.

Spher­i­cal aber­ra­tions result in soft-focused images that lack fine con­trast. They occur when light pass­ing through the edges of a lens focus­es clos­er to the lens than light pass­ing through its cen­tre. In most lens­es, spher­i­cal aber­ra­tion is con­sid­ered an unde­sir­able tech­ni­cal flaw. How­ev­er, in the past, con­trolled spher­i­cal aber­ra­tion was inten­tion­al­ly used in “soft-focus” por­trait lens­es. This type of aber­ra­tion can be reduced by stop­ping down the aper­ture.

Capable of high magnification, which is achieved through the combination of the objective lens (typically 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x) and the eyepiece (usually 10x).

Types ofobjectivelenses

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Compoundobjective lens microscope definition

A binocular microscope head utilizes two eyepieces for simultaneous viewing with both eyes, providing enhanced comfort, depth perception, and superior image quality. Ideal for professional and research settings requiring detailed observation, its design minimizes eye strain and enhances ergonomic support compared to monocular microscopes.

Compound microscopes are suited for detailed examination of microscopic structures, while stereo microscopes are more appropriate for observing larger objects in three dimensions and for tasks that involve manipulation and dissection.

Microscope objectives are vital lenses that determine the magnification, resolution, and quality of the images produced by a microscope. They come in various types and magnifications, each suited for different applications and levels of detail, making them indispensable in scientific research, medical diagnostics, and educational settings.

A microscope is a scientific instrument used to magnify and observe objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. It works by focusing light or electrons to create an enlarged image of the specimen.

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Used in fields like biology, geology, entomology, electronics assembly, and manufacturing for tasks requiring manipulation and examination of objects in three dimensions.

Navigate effortlessly through magnification levels and focus adjustments. Our microscopes feature intuitive controls, allowing you to concentrate on your research without the hassle of complicated settings.

A stereo microscope, also known as a stereoscopic or dissecting microscope, provides three-dimensional viewing of larger, opaque specimens through dual optical paths with objective lenses. It offers lower magnification (typically 5x to 40x) than compound microscopes but enhances depth perception. Ideal for tasks in biology, geology, and manufacturing, it allows comfortable, extended viewing with ergonomic adjustments.

Field Cur­va­ture occurs when a lens can­not focus a flat sub­ject per­pen­dic­u­lar to its opti­cal axis onto a flat image plane. To some extent, this aber­ra­tion is not prob­lem­at­ic for por­trait, land­scape, or street pho­tog­ra­phy; how­ev­er, it is high­ly unde­sir­able in fields that fea­ture promi­nent flat planes, such as archi­tec­tur­al, tech­ni­cal, and macro pho­tog­ra­phy. The effects of field cur­va­ture can be reduced by stop­ping down the aper­ture.

Astig­ma­tism caus­es a sub­ject point locat­ed away from the lens axis to appear as a high­ly stretched oval at one focus dis­tance, as a high­ly stretched oval per­pen­dic­u­lar to the first at anoth­er focus dis­tance, and as a blur­ry disc in between. There are two types: tan­gen­tial and sagit­tal astig­ma­tism. In tan­gen­tial astig­ma­tism, the elon­ga­tion of sub­ject points occurs along an imag­i­nary line radi­at­ing from the opti­cal axis. In sagit­tal astig­ma­tism, the elon­ga­tion is per­pen­dic­u­lar to this line, appear­ing as if it fol­lows imag­i­nary rings cir­cling the opti­cal axis. Like most oth­er types of aber­ra­tion, astig­ma­tism can be reduced by stop­ping down the aper­ture.

A specimen is a sample or example used for scientific study. It can be anything from biological tissues to materials, examined under a microscope or other instruments for analysis.

Uses two separate optical paths with two objective lenses to provide a stereoscopic (3D) view of larger, opaque specimens.

Bar­rel and pin­cush­ion dis­tor­tions are often asso­ci­at­ed with spe­cif­ic focal lengths. For instance, short-focus lens­es tend to exhib­it bar­rel dis­tor­tion, while long-focus lens­es are more prone to pin­cush­ion dis­tor­tion. Zoom lens­es com­mon­ly show both types of dis­tor­tion, with bar­rel dis­tor­tion appear­ing at the wide end and tran­si­tion­ing to pin­cush­ion dis­tor­tion at the tele­pho­to end of the zoom range. This behav­iour is con­sis­tent regard­less of the absolute focal length of the zoom lens. For exam­ple, both 16–35 mm and 70–200 mm lens­es will show bar­rel dis­tor­tion at 16 mm and 70 mm, respec­tive­ly, and pin­cush­ion dis­tor­tion at 35 mm and 200 mm, respec­tive­ly.

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Objective lens microscope definitionand function

A darkfield microscope is a type of optical microscope that provides high contrast images of unstained specimens by using scattered light. The specimen appears bright against a dark background

Lin­ear dis­tor­tions refer to devi­a­tions from an ide­al rec­ti­lin­ear pro­jec­tion. Rec­ti­lin­ear lens­es are designed to ren­der straight ele­ments in a scene as straight lines in the image. There are three main types of dis­tor­tion: bar­rel (con­vex), pin­cush­ion (con­cave), and com­plex (some­times called ‘mous­tache’ dis­tor­tion).

Compound Magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece.

A trinocular microscope head combines the benefits of binocular viewing with the capability to capture digital images or videos of specimens. It is particularly suited for advanced research, educational purposes, and industrial applications where precise imaging and documentation are essential.

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