I don't know what your phase shift refers to. Is it the shift between the horizontal and vertical component or the angle between the filter direction and one of the coordinate axes of the polarized light? I guess both might be needed to calculate the intensity of the light shining through. It should be a fairly straight forward calculation when the right sketches have been drawn (assuming you are familliar with vector projection).

Rule 1: A ray of light has to pass through the focus after refraction takes place through the lens. The ray of light must be originally parallel to the principal axis.

Circular polarization

Rule 3: A ray of light will end up becoming parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens after refraction occurs through the lens when it passes through the focus of the lens.

When the object is beyond the Imaginary point then an image is formed between the Focal point and an imaginary point which is real, inverted and diminished.

Elliptically polarizedexamples

It is used in front of the eye to bend the incoming light sharply so the focal point shortens and the light focuses properly on the retina.

Elliptical polarization example

A 6-cm high object is placed 6 cm from an 18-cm focal length. Find out the image distance, the magnification of the image, the image height and the properties of the image.

The word lens has its root in Latin. It comes from the Latin name of “lentil” which is actually a plant. But it’s because a double-convex lens is more shaped like a lentil.

One of the first scientists to use a small low telescope with a convex lens was Galileo. He did observe the moon and other celestial objects in the night sky.

The convex lens is a lens that converges rays of light that convey parallel to its principal axis (i.e. converges the incident rays towards the principal axis) which is relatively thick across the middle and thin at the lower and upper edges. The edges are curved outward rather than inward. It is used in front of the eye to bend the incoming light sharply so the focal point shortens and the light focuses properly on the retina.

Elliptically polarizedformula

Generally, a convex lens can converge a beam of parallel rays to a point on the other side of the lens. This point is called a focus of the lens and its distance from the Optical Center of the beam is called the focal length. The radius of curvatures R1 and R2 of the spherical surfaces and the focal length of the lens ‘f’ are connected by an approximate equation.

When the object is between the Focal point and the Centre of curvature then the image is formed beyond the imaginary point and behind the object which is virtual and magnified.

Virtual Image:  A convex lens will produce a virtual image if the object is located in front of the focal point. It is used in eyeglasses to give clear images.

When it comes to a convex lens, the image that is formed is always at such a point that at least two refracted light rays tend to meet on that point.

It is curved inwards from one side and outwards from one side. It can be used to balance out the spherical aberrations caused by other lenses. It is used to control the laser beam. It is a combination of a lens with one convex lens and one concave lens side that is concave-convex lens or meniscus.

Elliptically polarizedlight equation

In the case of Double Convex Lens, the focal length is greater due to the presence of the second curved surface. Since many optical devices require longer focal lengths then Double Convex Lenses are more preferred.

A convex lens is called a converging lens because it converges a parallel beam of light on a point called the principal focus.

It is curved outwards from one side and the other side. It has positive focal length elements that have one spherical surface and one flat surface. These lenses are designed for infinite parallel light use in non-critical applications. These optical lenses are for all-purpose focusing elements. It is used in pharmaceuticals, defense, robots etc.

Circularlypolarizedlight

A line passing through the center of the surface of a lens and through the centers of curvature of all segments of the lens.

It is a ratio between the image height and object height. A magnification of 2 indicates the image is twice the size of the object and a magnification of 1 indicates an image size being the same as the object size. If the magnification is positive, then the image is upright compared to the object (virtual image). If magnification is negative then the image is inverted as compared to the object (real image).

Real Image:  A convex lens can be used to produce a real image, and this occurs if the object is located at a position of more than one focal length from the lens. It is projected in front of the lens and can be captured on a screen. It is used in movie theaters, projector etc.

Think of any polarization as the vector sum of a horizontal and a vertical linear polarization that may or may not have different amplitudes or phase shifts. If both the horizontal and the vertical components have equal amplitudes and are in phase you end up with a linearly polarized wave which has a polarization angle of 45 degrees. If the horizontal and vertical components have equal amplitudes but are out of phase by a quarter-cycle the vector sum has constant norm, but rotates tracing out a circle (i.e. circular polarization). If the horizontal and vertical components are out of phase by anything other than an integer multiple of quarter-cycles the vector sum will trace out an ellipse instead of a circle (i.e. elliptical polarization). By choise of coordinate system the elliptical polarization can also be described with the two components being out of phase by a quarter-cycle but having different amplitudes. Nonetheless elliptically polarized light already contains a small portion of light polarized in any direction just because the vector sum traces out a full rotation. Therefore if you shine elliptically polarized light through a linear polarization filter, the projection of the vector sum of horizontal and vertical polarization onto the filter direction will be oscillating. And that will be the light that gets through your filter.

Rule 2: A ray of light that goes through the optical center of the convex lens will appear straight; it won’t bend after the refraction that takes place. And a ray of light that goes on the way of the principal axis of such a lens will also go in a straight direction; it won’t deviate either.

The word convex is defined as curving in an outward direction, like the rim of a circle. The shape of an eyeglass lens can be considered to be a good example of convexity.

Elliptical polarization equation derivation

How can slightly elliptically polarized light pass through a polarizer set to pass linearly polarized light? And what will be the corresponding change in intensity?

A simple lens usually consists of only a single piece of transparent material whereas a compound lens tends to have several simple lenses (elements), that are generally arranged along a common axis.

When the object is between the Focal point and the imaginary point then an image is formed beyond an imaginary point which is real, inverted and magnified.

Elliptically polarizedlight

An optical tool or device that tends to both converge and diverge a beam of light (based on the situation and type) through refraction, is referred to as a lens.

It is curved outwards from both sides. It is also known as the Biconvex lens or just convex. They have a shorter focal length than Plano-convex lenses of equal diameter and surface radius. So many optical devices require longer focal lengths. Hence, the double convex lenses are more preferred. It is used for the projector, monocular, Telescope, cameras etc. It produced the virtual image for the human eye and the real image for photography, an optical sensor and also used in burning glass

When the object is an imaginary point, then an image is formed at an imaginary point which is the real, inverted and of the same size.

It is also used in projectors, binoculars, optical microscopes, and even in the peep holes that are present in the doors of our houses.

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