A wide range of possibilities arises from gradient index coatings (or graded-index coatings) [2, 3, 11], where the composition of a layer material is gradually varied (as in rugate filters). In the simplest case, a smooth index transition between two optical materials over a length scale of a few wavelengths can suppress fairly well the reflection over a wide spectral and angular range. This is difficult to realize, however, for surfaces next to air, since all solid materials have a refractive index significantly different from that of air. One solution is to use nanooptics in the form of sub-wavelength pyramid structures or the like (moth eye structure), see e.g. Refs.  [1], [2] and [7]. Such structures (which can be called photonic metamaterials) imitate a smooth transition of the refractive index to 1 by smoothly reducing the amount of solid material in a plane parallel to the surface. However, there are also solutions without nanooptics, in particular the integration of gradient index layers into a multilayer coating. This allows for good broadband anti-reflection properties in a wide angular range without using materials with a very small refractive index.

An anti-reflection coating (AR coating) is a dielectric thin-film coating applied to an optical surface in order to reduce the reflectance (also often called reflectivity) of that surface due to Fresnel reflections – at least in a certain wavelength range. Examples of the application of such coatings are spectacles, optical systems like camera objectives, optical windows, displays and photovoltaic cells.

Anti-Reflection (AR) coatings are one of widely used optical thin-film coatings that can be applied to the surfaces of optical elements to reduce reflection and to improve transmittance within some spectral region. We provide AR coatings with appropriate materials and optimized configuration on a substrate material specified by the customer, with specified transmittance and a specified wavelength region.

In most cases, AR coatings are used on optical interfaces with an area of at least a few millimeters squared. However, it is also possible to produce such coatings on the ends of optical fibers, sometimes even in jacketed and connectorized assemblies. There are various technical difficulties, e.g. related to outgasing of polymer jackets in a vacuum chamber and to the limited number of fiber ends which can be treated in one batch, but specialized sputtering processes have been developed which mitigate these problems. The coating performance can be as good as for normal bulk surfaces, at least for simple coating designs with only fewer layers.

US 15 enters Pennsylvania south of Gettysburg. Business Route 15 (Emmitsburg Road) goes through Gettysburg, while US 15 bypasses the borough; the bypass continues to York Springs. US 15 passes through Dillsburg before becoming a freeway near Grantham and the Messiah College campus.

If no suitable medium for a single-layer coating can be found, or if anti-reflective properties are required for a very broad wavelength range (or for different wavelength ranges simultaneously, or for different angles of incidence), more complicated designs may be used, which usually have to be found using numerical techniques, implemented in suitable thin-film design software. A general trade-off of such multilayer designs is between a low residual reflectance and a large bandwidth. So-called V coatings have a high performance only in a narrow bandwidth (order of 10 nm), whereas broadband coatings offer moderate performance but in a wide wavelength range.

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LASEROPTIK offers a wide range of anti-reflection coatings for various types of optical elements in different wavelength regions from the mid IR to the UV. We can also supply coatings on special substrates and coatings for special applications.

U.S. Route15

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US 15 Route information Existed 1926-present Location Country United States States South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York U.S. Route 15 (US 15) is a 791.71 mi (1,274.13 km)-long United States highway, designated along South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. The route is signed north–south, from U.S. Route 17 Alternate in Walterboro, South Carolina to NY 17 in Corning, New York. It is one of the original United States Highways from 1926.

Virginia's section of US 15 starts in Mecklenburg County. Not far from the state line, it crosses a narrow finger of the John H. Kerr Reservoir. The highway goes through the town of Clarksville and merges very briefly with US 58/VA 49 and then crosses over the main body of Lake Kerr. US 15 continues a little ways and merges with US 360. The two highways go on to the town of Keysville. After Keysville, US 15 branches off and goes to the town of Farmville. After a brief merge with US 460, US 15 goes through the towns of Dillwyn, New Canton (on the James River), Fork Union, and Palmyra before crossing I-64 at Zion Crossroads. After passing the interstate, US 15 goes through the towns of Gordonsville (with a quick merge with US 33) and Orange, and then on to Culpeper. After Culpeper US 15 runs concurrent with US 29. In Warrenton they briefly merge with US 17. South of Gainesville US 15 breaks off and crosses I-66. From there it goes on to Leesburg and then to the state line.

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Analytical design rules exist for simple types of anti-reflection coatings with very few thin-film layers. For more sophisticated designs, numerical optimization algorithms similar to those described in the article on dielectric mirrors can be used. The resulting designs are normally not easily understood, as the anti-reflection properties result from a complicated interference of the reflections from various interfaces.

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US 15 continues as a freeway until it intersects U.S. Route 11 and Pennsylvania Route 581 in Camp Hill. US 15 runs concurrent with US 11, passing Harrisburg on the west shore of the Susquehanna River. The concurrency ends at Shamokin Dam, where US 11 splits and follows the North Branch Susquehanna River, and US 15 follows the West Branch Susquehanna River north towards Williamsport where it passes through Lewisburg and the campus of Bucknell University (which is partially bisected by the highway). In the future, US 15 and US 11 will diverge in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, from which US 15 will proceed north on a road yet to be built, and connect back to its current alignment near Winfield, PA. 11 will be joined to a business loop of 15 instead of the main route.

OPTOMAN offers high-performance sputtered anti-reflective coatings with reflectance per surface down to R < 0.01%. IBS coatings are optimized for temperature and humidity-independent performance, high damage threshold (> 168 J/cm2 @ 1064 nm, 9.8 ns, 100 Hz, 223 μm). Single wavelength, multiwavelength, or broadband coatings can be designed for the spectral range from 200 nm to 5000 nm.

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Perkins Precision Developments (PPD) manufactures custom IBS coatings, including anti-reflection coatings. PPD utilizes Ion Beam Sputtering coating technology because it is ideal for complex spectral designs, high power Nd:YAG and fiber lasers and applications where it is critical to minimize losses from absorption and/or scatter. IBS thin films have densely packed micro-structures resulting in stable, easy to clean optics that are insensitive to environmental changes such as heat, humidity and pressure. Our AR coatings exceed damage thresholds of 25 J/cm2 or sometimes even >60 J/cm2 at 1064 nm.

The segment from Williamsport, Pennsylvania to the northern terminus at I-86 and NY 17 in Painted Post, New York has been completely upgraded to Interstate standards in preparation for the eventual transition to designation as I-99, as has the US 15/I-86 interchange. The 12.59-mile (20.26 km) segment of US 15 in New York runs parallel to the Tioga River from the state line to its current northern terminus at I-86 and NY 17 exit 44 at the junction of the Tioga and Cohocton rivers in Painted Post, west of downtown Corning. The entire length of US 15 in New York is signed concurrently with I-99.

In the simplest case, an anti-reflection thin-film coating designed for normal incidence consists of a single quarter-wave layer of a material the refractive index of which is close to the geometric mean value of the refractive indices of the two adjacent media. In that situation, two reflections of equal magnitude arise at the two interfaces, and these cancel each other by destructive interference.

An unusual type of anti-reflection coating is one consisting of a very thin layer of some strongly absorbing material. The thickness can be only some tens of nanometers, i.e., far less than usually required for lossless AR coatings, as strong imaginary components of the propagation constant of such media lead to substantial phase changes. The incident light is largely absorbed by such structures, rather than transmitted. Such anti-reflection structures are called photonic metamaterials due to the combination of sub-wavelength structures, although simple interference phenomena are sufficient for understanding their characteristics [13].

In most cases, the basic principle of operation is that reflected waves from different optical interfaces largely cancel each other by destructive interference.

US 15 starts in Maryland at Point of Rocks, crossing the Potomac River and then merges into US 340 just south of Frederick. In Frederick, US 40 merges with US 15 for a very short distance. From there US 15 goes through Thurmont and on to the Maryland/Pennsylvania border.

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US 15-401 continues to Laurinburg, at which US 401 splits off and US 15 runs concurrent with US 501. US 1 briefly merges with US 15-501 through Aberdeen and Sanford. The route continues north of Sanford with NC 87 towards Pittsboro. Past Pittsboro, US 15-501 goes toward Chapel Hill and skirts around the southeastern edge of the city and then across I-40 to Durham. (Prior to the construction of the Chapel Hill bypass, US 15 ran through Chapel Hill, and as of 2018 there is a "Jefferson Davis Highway" marker on Franklin Street, Chapel Hill's main street.[2]) Here US 15-501 splits into Business and Bypass routes. Before US 15 Business and Bypass highways rejoin on the other side of Durham, I-85 merges into US 15 Business. Then I-85/US 15 go north. Right after crossing Falls Lake at exit 186, US 15 splits off to the east. US 15 runs parallel to I-85, going through the city of Creedmoor. It then crosses back over I-85, goes through the city of Oxford, on through Bullock, and then to the N.C.-Virginia state line.

Note that there are also anti-glare surfaces, which suppress reflections in an entirely different way: by diffuse scattering from a microscopically rough surface. Such surfaces are suitable e.g. for some displays and viewing ports, but normally not for laser applications, and should be carefully distinguished from anti-reflection surfaces.

For designing multilayer interference coatings, a flexible simulation and design software is indispensable. It must not only be able to calculate all relevant optical properties for a given design, but assist you in finding a suitable design for achieving given target properties. The RP Coating software is an ideal tool for such work, as it is particularly flexible. For example, you can define a figure of merit, formulating the optimization goal, of any conceivable kind.

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Apart from those properties, the tolerance to growth errors may also be of interest: there are sophisticated coating designs which reach a high performance only for very precise manufacturing. The growth error tolerance is therefore an important aspect to be considered in the design.

We produce a wide range of AR coatings with different designs like V coatings and broadband coatings, covering the spectral range from 300–6000 nm. Custom AR coatings are not a problem – we design and manufacture on site, all part of our rapid turnaround service, we like to think we offer the best service out there, typical one week!

Route15Map

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Starting at ALT US 17 in Walterboro US 15 goes east. It runs parallel to I-95 and across I-26. Then it turns north and crosses I-95. Just before the town of Santee US 15 converges with US 301. In Santee the two highways merge with I-95 at exit 98 and all three cross Lake Marion. At exit 102, US 15/301 split off from I-95 and go into the town of Summerton. US 15 then separates from US 301 and heads mainly north to city of Sumter. From there it continues north, crosses I-20, goes through the cities of Bishopville and Hartsville to the town of Society Hill. It is here that US 401 joins US 15 and both go to the North Carolina border.

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Multilayer anti-reflection coatings are often applied to optical glasses and crystals, but they can also be used for plastic optics.

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Anti-reflection coatings [3] are often used for optical components in order to reduce optical losses and sometimes also the detrimental influence of reflected beams. The residual reflectance for a given wavelength and angle of incidence is often of the order of 0.2%, or less (in a limited bandwidth) with careful optimization. For application on prescription glasses, the achievable suppression of reflections is significantly lower, since the coating must operate in a wide wavelength range and for a wide range of incidence angles. AR coatings are also used on laser crystals and nonlinear crystals. In such cases, additional challenges can arise from anisotropic thermal expansion e.g. of lithium triborate (LBO) crystals.

Even for given coating materials, the damage threshold can vary considerably depending on the fabrication technique. Ion beam sputtering is known to allow for relatively high damage thresholds.

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Apart from the reflection properties, the optical damage threshold of anti-reflection coatings can be of interest, for example for use in components for Q-switched lasers. Depending on the material combination, an AR coating can have a higher or lower damage threshold than the substrate material.

The advanced ion-beam sputtering (IBS) thin-film coating facility of EKSMA Optics is ready to meet the most critical demands on laser optics. EKSMA Optics optical engineers can design and produce complex low loss and high LIDT anti-reflection coatings to suit your application. By employing IBS technology we can deposit highly reproducible dielectric thin film coatings with precisely controlled spectral parameters.

UltraFast Innovations (UFI) offers broadband anti-reflection coatings suitable for ultrafast laser devices, with numerous options for different wavelength ranges and angles of incidence.

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Shanghai Optics provides custom anti-reflection coatings with appropriate materials and optimized configuration on a substrate material specified by the customer, with specified transmittance and a specified wavelength region.

With absorption being at low level (<1 ppm per coated surface at 1064 nm) AR coated windows and AR coated lenses feature enhanced lifetimes.

For maximum transmission, Knight Optical offers a range of AR coatings to reduce surface reflections. Available as single layer MgF2 coatings, or multi-layer coatings, we can offer AR coatings centred to a specific wavelength or over a broadband wavelength range. With AR coatings from UV to IR, Knight Optical can help with your custom order.

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Ecoptik can produce single-layer or multilayer anti-reflection coatings on various kinds of optical elements, using different materials. We achieve reflectivities <0.2% or even better at many wavelengths from 355 nm to 1550 nm, and <0.5% at 284 nm or 193 nm, for example.

Focuslight Technologies offers AR coatings from DUV (248 nm) to the infrared and a great selection of coating tests and analysis, including spectrometer and LIDT test. Focuslight can coat substrates up to 140 mm × 140 mm at the moment. Capacity available! Customization acceptable!