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The second package type is an “advanced” module. The advanced module is in a larger footprint package that includes options such as integrated cooling, a pilot laser and a monitor photodiode as well as other available features. The advanced module can house a fiber coupled bar (see section above) or can be a multi-single chip emitter device. It’s intended more for low volume customers who need the additional module features for their applications:

100 Watt "Basic" Fiber Coupled Module: - $2,000 to $3,000 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / fixed fiber, no connector - no cooler, no pilot laser or PD

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Because there is not much price information for high power laser diodes available online, it can be quite difficult to get a budgetary idea of how much a particular type of device might cost. In order to help, we put together a short list to help you at least figure out how much a “class” of laser diode might cost. This list is a rough guide of pricing by package style and output power for 808, 915, 940, 980nm devices. Please note that as the output power gets higher, the price delta from manufacturer to manufacturer tends to increase greatly. It’s common to get price differences of well over 50% depending on the manufacturer.

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Common uses of high power laser diodes include the pumping of the gain medium in solid state lasers, fiber laser pumping and seeding, materials processing, medical and security sensing applications. Here is a guide to the wavelengths that are most commonly used in each of these applications:

The second approach is to connect multiple single emitter high power laser diode chips electrically in series with one another and mount them into a fiber coupled module. There are multiple lenses in the package to combine the beams which are ultimately coupled into the output fiber. These are often referred to as “multi-single emitters”. For multi-single emitters, the laser diode chips are connected electrically in series inside the module. In this case, the bias current can be essentially the same as for a single emitter, but the voltage needs to be high enough to bias the entire series connected chain of lasers. It’s common for multi-single emitters to require roughly 15 amps and up to 30+ volts. Assuming each single emitter requires 2 volts, this means that there are roughly 15 single emitter laser diode chips inside the package. Multi-single emitters are almost exclusively offered in fiber coupled packages.

200 Watt “Advanced” Fiber Coupled Module: - $10,000 to $15,000 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / detachable fiber - integrated cooler, pilot laser, & monitor PD

(DPSS) SOLID STATE LASER PUMPS: A diode pumped solid state laser, DPSS laser, uses a high power laser diode to optically pump a laser gain medium. The gain medium is typically a crystal. The crystal is synthetically produced because of the required purity of the material and doping requirements. Common crystals include ND:YAG (and TI:Sapphire being most common ones. 808 nm 878.6 nm 940 nm 969 nm

High power laser diodes (>10 Watts) are available at wavelengths from the near infrared through roughly the 2000nm region. The most common devices are in the range of 808nm through 980nm. Common uses of high power laser diodes include the pumping of the gain medium in solid state lasers, fiber laser pumping and seeding, materials processing, medical and security sensing applications. They offer good electrical to optical efficiency of approximately 50%. Packaging styles vary widely from fiber coupled modules to copper bar mounts. This short article is intended to help researchers and engineers who are new to high power laser diodes understand some of the basic terminology as well as the most common packaging types and technologies. There is a list which gives some general pricing information so that you have an understanding of what a particular type of laser might cost as well as a list of all of the high power laser manufacturers.

10 Watt “Advanced” Fiber Coupled Module: - $1,500 to $2,000 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / detachable fiber - integrated cooler, pilot laser, & monitor PD

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Many manufacturers offer two different fiber coupled package types. For lack of industry accepted specific terms, we will refer to one as a “basic” fiber coupled module and the second as an “advanced” fiber coupled module. The basic fiber coupled module is typically a multi-single emitter device (see section above) with a fixed fiber on the package and no connector. It’s intended more for volume OEM customers that will integrate the laser into their system:

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5 Watt “Advanced” Fiber Coupled Module: - $1,000 to $1,500 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / detachable fiber - integrated cooler, pilot laser, & monitor PD

FIBER LASER PUMPS: Fiber lasers utilize a high power laser in the 910nm to 980nm range to excite ions in rare earth elements such as ytterbium or erbium which have been doped into fiber. The doped fiber then generates photons at longer wavelengths (in the infrared) propagating through the fiber itself. 976 nm 915 nm

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50 Watt “Advanced” Fiber Coupled Module: - $2,000 to $3,000 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / detachable fiber - integrated cooler, pilot laser, & monitor PD

5 Watt Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes » 10 Watt Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes » 50 Watt Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes» 80 Watt CCP/CS Bar Mounted Array » 100 Watt Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes » 200 Watt Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes » SHOP TURN-KEY HIGH POWER LASER DIODE SYSTEMS FOR R&D »

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INTRODUCTION » COMMON WAVELENGTHS USED IN HIGH POWER APPLICATIONS » PACKAGES AND TECHNOLOGIES » HIGH POWER LASER DIODE PRICE GUIDE » LIST OF ALL HIGH POWER LASER DIODE MANUFACTURERS » SHOP TURN-KEY HIGH POWER LASER DIODE SYSTEMS FOR R&D »

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Please note that unlike most low power laser diodes, prices for comparable high power devices will vary a lot (sometimes by a factor of 2 or more) by manufacturer. This is why the range of prices shown below is large.

10 Watt "Basic" Fiber Coupled Module: - $350 to $600 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / fixed fiber, no connector - no cooler, no pilot laser or PD

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All-dielectric mirror coatings Mirrors can be made by depositing a stack of alternate high- and low-index dielectric layers on a glass substrate. If one wishes to make a mirror for a given wavelength of light, usually denoted λ0, the thickness of each layer is chosen so that the product of the thickness and the index of refraction of the layer is λ0/4. This is called a λ/4 stack reflector. The first and last layers of the stack are of the high-index material. Increasing the number of layers can increase the reflectance at λ0, but the spectral width of the high-reflectance region is limited. If the λ/4 stack reflector consists of p+1 high-index layers with refractive index nH and p low-index layers with index nL on a substrate with refractive index nS, the maximum reflectance is given by: where the effective index nE of the λ/4 stack is given by: For the 11-layer stack whose reflectance is shown in Figure 3, the following values were used: nH = 2.5, nL = 1.46 and nS = 1.52 with p = 5. The wavelength λedge at each edge of the high-reflectance region defines the width of the reflectance band, as indicated in Figure 3. The two values of λedge are given by: where For the reflectance curve in Figure 3, the calculated edge wavelengths are 0.727 and 1.034 μm. Because of the limited width of the high-reflectance region, λ/4 stack mirrors have specific applications. The most common is their use as laser reflectors, either as a part of the laser cavity itself or for the optics that direct the laser beam through the optical system. For example, the 0.85-μm reflector might be used with the laser diode in a CD player. The typical laser reflector usually has between 21 and 27 layers and a maximum reflectance of more than 99.9 percent. Figure 3. The reflectance of a λ/4 stack, all-dielectric mirror vs. wavelength. The mirror consists of 11 alternating layers of titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide. The reflectance band is centered at λ0 = 0.85 μm and the width of the high-reflectance region is between the two wavelengths marked λedge given by equations 4 and 5.

200 Watt "Basic" Fiber Coupled Module: - $2,500 to $3,500 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / fixed fiber, no connector - no cooler, no pilot laser or PD

5 Watt "Basic" Fiber Coupled Module: - $250 to $500 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / fixed fiber, no connector - no cooler, no pilot laser or PD

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50 Watt "Basic" Fiber Coupled Module: - $1,200 to $1,800 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / fixed fiber, no connector - no cooler, no pilot laser or PD

The basic difference between the household mirror and the optical mirror is that one is coated on the back surface and the other is coated on the front. For optical applications, a front-surface mirror must be used. This means that the reflective surface is subject to environmental degradation, even though it is usually in an enclosed environment and not exposed to the harsh conditions of the household mirror. An important part of mirror technology is providing a durable front-surface mirror that is stable and can be cleaned. A mirror’s substrate surface should be flat and smooth. The flatness is usually specified in terms of how many wavelengths of light the surface deviates from being a perfect plane. For many applications, the glass can be flat to a few wavelengths of visible light. For the most stringent applications, the surface must be flat to a quarter of a wavelength or less. The surface quality of a mirror, or its smoothness, is measured in terms of scratches and digs that are still present after polishing. A scratch/dig specification of 80/50 is fairly routine, while a specification of 20/10 is much better, but more expensive. For some applications, a mirror’s ability to conduct heat is important. In these cases, metal substrates are often used because metal is much more conductive than glass. Optical-quality metal surfaces can be fabricated by polishing or single-point diamond turning. The most common metals used are copper and aluminum. Although beryllium is highly toxic, it is used when especially light weight, stiff mirrors are required. In the case of metal substrates, the coating improves the reflectance and makes the surface more durable and resistant to scratches. Metal mirror coatings The simplest and most common mirror coating is a thin layer of metal. A 100-nm layer of aluminum or silver makes an excellent reflector for the visible spectrum. Aluminum reflects about 90 percent of the light across the visible spectrum, while silver reflects about 95 percent. The reflectance of a metal mirror can be calculated from the index of refraction n and the extinction coefficient k of the metal. The reflectance of a metal surface in air is given by: An extensive list of n and k values over a wide range of wavelengths and for many metals is available.1,2,3 Table 1 contains an abbreviated list, with data given for ultraviolet (0.2 and 0.3 μm), visible (0.4 to 0.7 μm) and infrared wavelengths (1 to 10 μm). In general, metals with k>>n are shiny, while those with k ≈ n ≈ 3 are gray. Thus, silver with n = 0.13 and k = 2.92 at 0.5 μm is shiny, while tungsten with n = 3.4 and k = 2.69 is not. As the wavelength increases into the IR region, n and k increase, leading to high reflectance in this spectral region.

For an in depth article on the technology and physics’ principles underlying laser diodes, please refer to the article “A Technical Introduction to Laser Diodes”. In summary, a laser diode is a semiconductor device made of two different materials. One is a P material and the other an N material. Common laser diode materials include indium, gallium, arsenide and phosphide. The P and N materials are sandwiched together and when a forward electrical bias is applied across the P-N junction, this electrical bias causes the respective holes and electrons from opposite sides of the P-N junction to combine. This combination releases a photon in the process of each combination. The P-N junction surface area has a finish similar to a mirror. This is referred to as a cavity. As the photons are released, they propagate along the cavity and out through a facet or facets. For the purposes of this article, we have chosen > 10 watts of output power as the definition of “high power”. But the term high power is of course subjective and is relative to the common output power available at a given wavelength or device type.

The first approach mentioned above is to mount multiple single emitter semiconductor laser diode chips onto a bar in parallel with one another. These are most commonly referred to as “bars” or “arrays”. The term “stack” usually refers to multiple bars physically and electrically stacked vertically or horizontally together to reach much higher power levels than a single bar can achieve. The laser diode chips mounted onto the bar are electrically biased in parallel with one another. For example, an 80 watt output 985 nm bar might have 19 single emitters mounted next to each other. This device will require roughly 90 amps (~ 4.8 amps each) of current and 2 volts of compliance voltage. The 90 amps of current is split equally to provide each of the laser diodes sufficient operating current. Two volts is required to bias the entire bar. The beams can then be combined using a collimating lens assembly as well as other methods. The bar device can then be packaged into a fiber coupled module, or is offered "as is" as a copper mount assembly.

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MEDICAL LASERS AND DIRECT DIODE MATERIALS PROCESSING SOURCES: Aesthetic and medical lasers are most often based on either a direct diode device or a DPSS laser device. Some of the common direct diode wavelengths include: 793 nm 795 nm 1064 nm 1470 nm 1940 nm

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100 Watt “Advanced” Fiber Coupled Module: - $4500 to $6,000 - 808, 915, 940, 980nm / detachable fiber - integrated cooler, pilot laser, & monitor PD

In general, single emitter laser diodes offer up to roughly 12 watts of optical output power. To get higher power levels, two packaging approaches are used to combine multiple single emitter beams into one single high power output beam. These two approaches are bars and multi-single chip emitter modules. The terms “bar” and “array” are typically interchangeable. Both of these technology and packaging approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. But over the past few years, multi-single chip emitter modules have become increasingly more common due to the lower manufacturing costs and a perception that they may offer better long term reliability.

Aerodiode BWT Coherent DILAS (part of Coherent) Focuslight Jenoptik Intense Photonics Leonardo (formerly Lasertel) Lumentum (fomerly JDSU) Lumics nLight Northrop Grumman CEO PhotonTEC Berlin QPC Lasers Quantel RealLight Seminex Xinghan Laser