Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Function ofbody tube inmicroscope

The red filter allows red light to be captured, the blue allows blue light in and the green allows green light in. The light that doesn’t match that photosites filter is reflected. This means that we are losing two-thirds of the light that can be captured and it is only of one color for each photosite. This forces the camera to guess what the amount of the other two colors is in each given pixel.

Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.

Function ofstage inmicroscope

It is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.

Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Histology studies biological tissues that are preserved carefully, usually by embedding them in paraffin wax. These methods of careful preservation maintain relationships between cells and their...Continue Reading

The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The more complex answer is that a sensor is made up of millions of cavities called “photosites,” and these photosites open when the shutter opens and close when the exposure is finished (the number of photosites is the same number of pixels your camera has). The photons that hit each photosite are interpreted as an electrical signal that varies in strength based on how many photons were actually captured in the cavity. How precise this process is depends on your camera’s bit depth.

The stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).

It transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

A modern digital camera’s sensor comes in one of two varieties generally. It will either be a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), or a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensor. The CCD type is mainly used in older models, but is still used on some modern cameras. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, but that is a topic for another article.

The arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Function of ocular on microscopequizlet

The camera then goes through a process to estimate how much of each color of light there was for each photosite and colors the image based on that guessing.

Condensermicroscope function

The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.

Hello, I am Sushmita Baniya from Nepal. I have completed M.Sc Medical Microbiology. I am interested in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

This article delves into the symphony of microscope parts, exploring how each component plays a vital role in scientific discovery. Whether you are a seasoned scientist or fascinated by the world of microscopy, join us as we explore the intricate details of this extraordinary tool and its impact on unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm.

The world of scientific discovery heavily relies on the powerful tool known as the microscope. This remarkable instrument may seem deceptively simple, but it is a complex symphony of various parts and components working together harmoniously. Each component plays a crucial role in unlocking the secrets of the microscopic world. From the eyepiece to the objective lens, the stage, and the illuminator, every piece of the microscope has a specific function that contributes to the clarity and precision of the observed images.

Beneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

If we looked at a picture that was taken with just that electrical data mentioned earlier from the sensor, then the images would actually be in gray-scale. How we get colored images is by what’s known as a “Bayer filter array.” A Bayer filter is a colored filter placed over-top of each photosite and is used to determine the color of an image based on how the electrical signals from neighboring photosites measure. The colors of the filters are the standard red, green and blue, with a ratio of one red, one blue and two green in every section of four photosites.

For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Function ofnosepiece inmicroscope

Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).

There are multiple processes involved in this step, but I think that and a few other aspects like “microlenses” fall outside the scope of this article.

The base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Microscopeparts and functions

You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.

Coarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

These are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Microbeonline.com is an online guidebook on Microbiology, precisely speaking, Medical Microbiology. This blog shares information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.  We are trying our best to make this site user-friendly and resourceful with timely/updated information about each pathogen, disease caused by them, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis.

The most basic way you can understand how a sensor works is when the shutter opens, the sensor captures the photons that hit it and that is converted to an electrical signal that the processor in the camera reads and interprets as colors. This information is then stitched together to form an image. That is insanely over-simplified though.

Function of ocular on microscopepdf

Cell membranes are usually impermeable to foreign materials, which means materials like proteins and nucleic acid cannot enter the cells. The phenomenon of using an electric pulse helps in creating...Continue Reading

References and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The microscope was developed in the 16th century. Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first modern microscope. He is also known as the father of microscopy. Microscopy is the technical term in which the microscope is used for investigation.Do you know?Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first person to see bacteria.There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;Light (optical) microscope andElectron microscopeTable of ContentsToggleThe Light Microscope  Parts of Compound Microscope    Illuminator (Light Source)Diaphragm (Iris)CondenserApertureStageObjective lensBody TubeOcular Lens (eye-piece)Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobArmBaseMicroscope WorksheetThe Light Microscope  Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

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The condenser, for example, gathers and focuses light onto the specimen, while the diaphragm controls the intensity and direction of the light. Without these components working in perfect harmony, scientific discoveries ranging from studying cells to examining microorganisms would not be possible. This article delves into the symphony of microscope parts, exploring how each component plays a vital role in scientific discovery. Whether you are a seasoned scientist or fascinated by the world of microscopy, join us as we explore the intricate details of this extraordinary tool and its impact on unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm.The microscope was developed in the 16th century. Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first modern microscope. He is also known as the father of microscopy. Microscopy is the technical term in which the microscope is used for investigation.Do you know?Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first person to see bacteria.There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;Light (optical) microscope andElectron microscopeTable of ContentsToggleThe Light Microscope  Parts of Compound Microscope    Illuminator (Light Source)Diaphragm (Iris)CondenserApertureStageObjective lensBody TubeOcular Lens (eye-piece)Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobArmBaseMicroscope WorksheetThe Light Microscope  Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

It is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.

Fine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

A fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Function ofarm inmicroscope

There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;

Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail