Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The calculator takes your target field of view (angle of view) and camera specification then provides the required lens EFL. The calculator uses the camera lens ...

Comparing with ( \(\PageIndex{7}\) ) implies \[\left(\begin{array}{l} E_{x} \\ E_{y} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{l} E_{x^{\prime}} \cos \theta-E_{y^{\prime}} \sin \theta \\ E_{x^{\prime}} \sin \theta+E_{y^{\prime}} \cos \theta \end{array}\right)=\mathcal{R}_{\theta}\left(\begin{array}{c} E_{x^{\prime}} \\ E_{y^{\prime}} \end{array}\right), \nonumber \] where \(\mathcal{R}_{\theta}\) is the rotation matrix over an angle \(\theta\) in the anti-clockwise direction: \[\mathcal{R}_{\theta} \equiv\left(\begin{array}{cc} \cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{array}\right) \nonumber \]

She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

We have seen how Maxwell’s equations allow the existence of plane waves with many different states of polarisation. But how can we create these states, and how do these states manifest themselves?

Light that is a mixture of polarised and unpolarised light is called partially polarised. The degree of polarisation is defined as the fraction of the total intensity that is polarised: \[\text { degree of polarisation }=\frac{I_{p o l}}{I_{p o l}+I_{\text {unpol }}} \text {. } \nonumber \]

“The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Another important Jones matrix is the rotation matrix. In the preceding discussion it was assumed that the fast and slow axes were aligned with the \(x\) - and \(y\)-direction (i.e. they were parallel to \(\mathcal{E}_{x}\) and \(\mathcal{E}_{y}\) ). Suppose now that the slow and fast axes of the wave plate no longer coincide with \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\) and \(\widehat{\mathbf{y}}\), but rather with some other \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}\) and \(\widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}\) as in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). In that case we apply a basis transformation: the electric field vector which is expressed in the \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}\) basis should first be expressed in the \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}\) basis before applying the Jones matrix of the wave plate to it. After applying the Jones matrix, the electric field has to be transformed back from the \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}\) basis to the \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}\) basis.

Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Split into teams of five people, these men comprised the 10th annual John Marzano Half-Ball Tournament, hosted at the Christopher Columbus Charter School parking lot. Marzano was a major league catcher who died after a fall in 2008. Before he played for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, and Seattle Mariners, Marzano grew up in South Philly playing half-ball. Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

A full-wave plate introduces a phase difference of \(2 \pi\), which is the same as introducing no phase difference between the two field components. So what can possibly be an application for a full-wave plate? We need to recall from Eq. (( \(\PageIndex{1}\) )) that the phase difference is \(2 \pi\) only for a particular wavelength. If we send through linearly (say vertically) polarised light of other wavelengths, these will become elliptically polarised, while the light with the correct wavelength \(\lambda_{0}\) will stay vertically polarised. If we then let all the light pass through a horizontal polariser, the light with wavelength \(\lambda_{0}\) will be completely extinguished, while the light of other wavelengths will be able to pass through at least partially. Therefore, full-wave plates can be used to filter out specific wavelengths of light.

This relationship expresses the components \(E_{x^{\prime}}, E_{y^{\prime}}\) of the Jones vector on the \(\hat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}\) basis, which is aligned with the fast and slow axes of the crystal, in terms of the components \(E_{x}\) and \(E_{y}\) on the original basis \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}\). If the matrix \(\mathcal{M}\) describes the Jones matrix as defined in ( \(\PageIndex{3}\) ), then the matrix \(M_{\theta}\) for the same wave plate but with \(x^{\prime}\) as slow and \(y^{\prime}\) as fast axis, is, with respect to the \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}\) basis, given by: \[\mathcal{M}_{\theta}=\mathcal{R}_{\theta} \mathcal{M} \mathcal{R}_{-\theta} . \nonumber \]

That \(\mathcal{R}(\theta)\) indeed is a rotation over angle \(\theta\) in the anti-clockwise direction is easy to see by considering what happens when \(\mathcal{R}_{\theta}\) is applied to the vector \((1,0)^{T}\). Since \(\mathcal{R}_{\theta}^{-1}=\mathcal{R}_{-\theta}\) we get: \[\left(\begin{array}{c} E_{x^{\prime}} \\ E_{y^{\prime}} \end{array}\right)=\mathcal{R}_{-\theta}\left(\begin{array}{c} E_{x} \\ E_{y} \end{array}\right) . \nonumber \]

The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

By letting light pass through crystals of different thicknesses \(d\), we can create different phase differences between the orthogonal field components, and this way we can create different states of polarisation. To be specific, let \(\mathbf{J}\), as given by (4.1.4), be the Jones vector of the plane wave before the crystal. Then we have, for the Jones vector after the passage through the crystal: \[\tilde{\mathbf{J}}=\mathcal{M} \mathbf{J}, \nonumber \] where \[\mathcal{M}=\left(\begin{array}{cc} e^{\frac{2 \pi i}{\lambda} d n_{o}} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{\frac{2 \pi i}{\lambda} d n_{e}} \end{array}\right)=e^{\frac{2 \pi i}{\lambda} d n_{o}}\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & e^{\frac{2 \pi i}{\lambda} d\left(n_{e}-n_{o}\right)} \end{array}\right) . \nonumber \] A matrix such as \(\mathcal{M}\), which transfers one state of polarisation of a plane wave in another, is called a Jones matrix. Depending on the phase difference which a wave accumulates by traveling through the crystal, these devices are called quarter-wave plates (phase difference \(\pi / 2\) ), half-wave plates (phase difference \(\pi\) ), or full-wave plates (phase difference \(2 \pi\) ). The applications of these wave plates will be discussed in later sections.

The stage on a microscope is the platform where the specimen being observed is placed. It is usually equipped with clips or a mechanical stage to hold the ...

“So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

With a name inspired by the First Amendment, 1A explores important issues such as policy, politics, technology, and what connects us across the fissures that divide the country. The program also delves into pop culture, sports, and humor. 1A's goal is to act as a national mirror-taking time to help America look at itself and to ask what it wants to be.

If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Polarised statemeaning in biology

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Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Jul 3, 2023 — The eyepiece or ocular lens is the part of the microscope closest to your eye when you bend over to look at a specimen. An eyepiece usually ...

Jul 11, 2024 — SERÁ REPRESENTANTE LEGAL DE LA SOCIEDAD EL PRESIDENTE, EN SU AUSENCIA LO SERÁ EL SECRETARIO O QUIEN DESIGNE LA JUNTA DE ACCIONISTAS.

Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Polarised stateof neuron

Two teams battle it out to advance to the next round of the 10th Annual John Marzano Half Ball Tournament. (Ximena Conde/WHYY)

She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Polarised stateexamples

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“I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

So suppose that with one of these methods we have obtained linearly polarised light. Then the question rises how the state of linear polarisation can be changed into circularly or elliptically polarised light. Or how the state of linear polarisation can be rotated over a certain angle. We have seen that the polarisation state depends on the ratio of the amplitudes and on the phase difference \(\varphi_{y}-\varphi_{x}\) of the orthogonal components \(\mathcal{E}_{y}\) and \(\mathcal{E}_{x}\) of the electric field. Thus, to change linearly polarised light to some other state of polarisation, a certain phase shift (say \(\Delta \varphi_{x}\) ) must be introduced to one component (say \(\mathcal{E}_{x}\) ), and another phase shift \(\Delta \varphi_{y}\) to the orthogonal component \(\mathcal{E}_{y}\). We can achieve this with a birefringent crystal, such as calcite. What is special about such a crystal is that it has two refractive indices: light polarised in a certain direction experiences a refractive index of \(n_{o}\), while light polarised perpendicular to it feels another refractive index \(n_{e}\) (the subscripts \(o\) and \(e\) stand for "ordinary" and "extraordinary"), but for our purpose we do not need to understand this terminology. The direction for which the refractive index is smallest (which can be either \(n_{o}\) or \(n_{e}\) ) is called the fast axis because its phase velocity is largest, and the other direction is the slow axis. Because there are two different refractive indices, one can see double images through a birefringent crystal. The difference between the two refractive indices \(\Delta n=n_{e}-n_{o}\) is called the birefringence.

The Collimated Backlight Series is a high performance, uniform, and collimated light source for high precision silhouetting and transmissive applications.

Marzano was a major league catcher who died after a fall in 2008. Before he played for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, and Seattle Mariners, Marzano grew up in South Philly playing half-ball. Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Jan 27, 2022 — The shorter the focal length, the more perceptual distortion of objects—in particular on the objects that appear closest to the lens. Human ...

Clearly, horizontally polarised light is completely transmitted, while vertically polarised light is not transmitted at all. More generally, for light that is polarised at an angle \(\alpha\), we get \[\mathcal{M}_{\alpha}=\mathcal{M}_{L P}\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos \alpha \\ \sin \alpha \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos \alpha \\ \sin \alpha \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos \alpha \\ 0 \end{array}\right) \text {. } \nonumber \]

Let \(\mathbf{E}\) be given in terms of its components on the \(\hat{\mathbf{x}}, \hat{\mathbf{y}}\) basis: \[\mathbf{E}=E_{x} \widehat{\mathbf{x}}+E_{y} \widehat{\mathbf{y}} . \nonumber \]

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If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Smack in the middle of the annual Italian Market Festival in South Philadelphia Saturday, some 30 men gathered to play half-ball — a game with a local history spanning about 70 years that calls for a broomstick, a three-story building, and half of a squishy ball. Split into teams of five people, these men comprised the 10th annual John Marzano Half-Ball Tournament, hosted at the Christopher Columbus Charter School parking lot. Marzano was a major league catcher who died after a fall in 2008. Before he played for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, and Seattle Mariners, Marzano grew up in South Philly playing half-ball. Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

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Stateof polarization of light

“We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Natural light often does not have a definite polarisation. Instead, the polarisation fluctuates rapidly with time. In order to turn such randomly polarised light into linearly polarised light in a certain direction, we must extinguish the light polarised in the perpendicular direction, so that the remaining light is linearly polarised along the required direction. One could do this by using light reflected under the Brewster angle (which extinguishes p-polarised light), or one could let light pass through a dichroic crystal, which is a material which absorbs light polarised perpendicular to its so-called optic axis. A third method is sending the light through a wire grid polariser, which consists of a metallic grating with sub-wavelength slits. Such a grating only transmits the electric field component that is perpendicular to the slits.

“I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Consider as example the Jones matrix which described the change of linear polarised light into circular polarisation. Assume that we have diagonally (linearly) polarised light, so that \[J=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) \text {. } \nonumber \]

Polarised statemeaning in hindi

Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Suppose \(n_{e}>n_{o}\) and that the fast axis, which corresponds to \(n_{o}\) is aligned with \(\mathcal{E}_{x}\), while the slow axis (which then has refractive index \(n_{e}\) ) is aligned with \(\mathcal{E}_{y}\). If the wave travels a distance \(d\) through the crystal, \(\mathcal{E}_{y}\) will accumulate a phase \(\Delta \varphi_{y}=\frac{2 \pi n_{e}}{\lambda} d\), and \(\mathcal{E}_{x}\) will accumulate a phase \(\Delta \varphi_{x}=\frac{2 \pi n_{o}}{\lambda} d\). Thus, after propagation through the crystal the phase difference \(\varphi_{y}-\varphi_{x}\) has increased by \[\Delta \varphi_{y}-\Delta \varphi_{x}=\frac{2 \pi}{\lambda} d\left(n_{e}-n_{o}\right) . \nonumber \]

Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

“You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Polarised statemeaning

To find the components \(E_{x^{\prime}}, E_{y^{\prime}}\) on the \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}, \widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}\) basis: \[\mathbf{E}=E_{x^{\prime}} \widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}+E_{y^{\prime}} \widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime} , \nonumber \] we first write the unit vectors \(\widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}\) and \(\widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}\) in terms of the basis \(\hat{\mathbf{x}}, \hat{\mathbf{y}}\) (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) ) \[\begin{aligned} &\widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}=\cos \theta \widehat{\mathbf{x}}+\sin \theta \widehat{\mathbf{y}}, \\ &\widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime}=-\sin \theta \widehat{\mathbf{x}}+\cos \theta \widehat{\mathbf{y}}.\end{aligned} \nonumber \]

The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

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The game of half-ball has a local history spanning about 70 years that calls for a broomstick, a three-story building, and half of a squishy ball.

A quarter-wave plate introduces a phase shift of \(\pi / 2\), so its Jones matrix is \[\mathcal{M}_{Q W P}=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & i \end{array}\right), \nonumber \] because \(\exp (i \pi / 2)=i\). To describe the actual transmission through the quarter-wave plate, the matrix should be multiplied by some global phase factor, but because we only care about the phase difference between the field components, this global phase factor can be omitted without problem. The quarter-wave plate is typically used to convert linearly polarised light to elliptically polarised light and vice-versa. If the incident light is linearly polarised at angle \(\alpha\), the state of polarisation after the quater wave plate is \[\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos \alpha \\ i \sin \alpha \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & i \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos \alpha \\ \sin \alpha \end{array}\right) \text {. } \nonumber \]

A half-wave plate introduces a phase shift of \(\pi\), so its Jones matrix is \[\mathcal{M}_{H W P}=\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{array}\right), \nonumber \] because \(\exp (i \pi)=-1\). An important application of the half-wave plate is to change the orientation of linearly polarised light. After all, what this matrix does is mirroring the polarisation state in the \(x\)-axis. Thus, if we choose our mirroring axis correctly (i.e. if we choose the orientation of the wave plate correctly), we can change the direction in which the light is linearly polarised arbitrarily. A demonstration is shown in. To give an example: the polarisation of a wave that is parallel to the \(x\)-direction, can be rotated over angle \(\alpha\) by rotating the crystal such that the slow axis makes angle \(\alpha / 2\) with the \(x\)-axis. Upon propagation through the crystal, the fast axis gets an additional phase of \(\pi\), due to which the electric vector makes angle \(\alpha\) with the \(x\)-axis (see Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) ).

English: The Corona Satellite Calibration Targets were built in the 1960s in the desolate Arizona desert. They are large concrete crosses in the ground with a ...

The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Polarised stateof neuron meaning

While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

In particular, if incident light is linear polarised under \(45^{\circ}\), or equivalently, if the quarter wave plate is rotated over this angle, it will transform linearly polarised light into circularly polarised light (and vice versa). \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ i \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & i \end{array}\right) \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) \nonumber \]

“I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Organizers said the tournament is part-fundraiser (to support youth baseball), part-awareness campaign for the old-school street game. WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor While the game’s heyday was in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s, it still holds a place in the hearts of many South Philly residents. There’s even a half-ball league in South Philly that plays 22 weeks of the year — not including playoffs. WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Polarizedstateof cell

Is there a calculator in existence that can determine how much focal length a lens would need to fit a given object in frame at a given distance ...

We want to change it to circularly polarised light, for which \[J=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ i \end{array}\right) \text {, } \nonumber \] where one can check that indeed \(\varphi_{y}-\varphi_{x}=\pi / 2\). This can be done by passing the light through a crystal such that \(\mathcal{E}_{y}\) accumulates a phase difference of \(\pi / 2\) with respect to \(\mathcal{E}_{x}\). The transformation by which this is accomplished can be written as \[\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & i \end{array}\right) \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ i \end{array}\right) . \nonumber \]

By substituting ( \(\PageIndex{9}\) ) and ( \(\PageIndex{10}\) ) into ( \(\PageIndex{8}\) ) we find \[\begin{aligned} \mathbf{E} &=E_{x^{\prime}} \widehat{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime}+E_{y^{\prime}} \widehat{\mathbf{y}}^{\prime} \\ &=E_{x^{\prime}}(\cos \theta \widehat{\mathbf{x}}+\sin \theta \widehat{\mathbf{y}})+E_{y^{\prime}}(-\sin \theta \widehat{\mathbf{x}}+\cos \theta \widehat{\mathbf{y}}), \\ &=\left(\cos \theta E_{x^{\prime}}-\sin \theta E_{y^{\prime}}\right) \widehat{\mathbf{x}}+\left(\sin \theta E_{x}+\cos \theta E_{y}\right) \widehat{\mathbf{y}} . \end{aligned} \nonumber \]

A polariser that only transmits horizontally polarised light is described by the Jones matrix: \[\mathcal{M}_{L P}=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{array}\right) . \nonumber \]

4.3: Creating and Manipulating Polarisation States is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

This magnification calculator calculates magnification instantly with the help of the lens focal length and the distance of the object being provided.

If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

The amplitude of the transmitted field is reduced by the factor \(\cos \alpha\), which implies that the intensity of the transmitted light is reduced by the factor \(\cos ^{2} \alpha\). This relation is known as Malus’ law.

WHYY talked to some of the people at the tournament about the history of half-ball, how to play, and what makes the game so special to them. The unofficial history of half-ball Tom Rossomando grew up in South Philadelphia playing the game in the ’70s and helped put the Marzano tournament together. It’s unclear exactly where the game originated, though Rossomando said half-ball took off in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Tom Rossomando pitched for his team which lost back-to-back games. He helped put together the tournament in South Philly. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) Rossomando called the game “an inner-city Italian thing.” “You got up early in the morning, you played sports with your friends,” which Rossomando said included baseball and basketball. But as the day progressed, chores and dinnertime whittled away at the number of kids playing outside. Rossomando said he and his friends would switch to half-ball when “you eventually got down to a few people who didn’t want to go home yet.” Half-ball doesn’t require as many people as some of the other games Rossomando and his friends would play. A team requires a minimum of three players — a pitcher, catcher, and fielder — although Rossomando said you could get away with just a pitcher and catcher. Video games didn’t exist in his day, which is why he thinks half-ball isn’t as popular with young people now. “The kids today don’t play it like we used to,” Rossomando said. “They have more options and I understand it.” “I mean, I would encourage any kid nowadays to get out there and do it instead of sticking your face in the TV and playing video games all day,” said John Coghlan, who’s played in the South Philly Half-Ball League since 2001 and has been its commissioner since 2004. The game is a tradition, said Coghlan, who learned how to play it from his dad. Fathers passed it down to their children and those children grew up and passed the game down to their children. Though the game isn’t as widespread these days, seeing men like Rossomando and Coghlan play is what inspired Joe Manfre, a younger player in the league, to join four years ago. “I’ve seen the guys growing up playing, so you know, I just wanted to play,” Manfre said. “I knew Marzano, so I just wanted to do it.” What you’ll need Grab your crew of three to five people — though only three are allowed on the field at a time. Ask ma for the top of an old broom and unscrew the broomstick. This will serve as your bat. A mop stick will also work. Feel free to tape the end of the stick to get a better grip. Back in the day, there were balls called “pimple balls” — white, soft, hollow balls with bumps. “Originally, we would throw it against the wall, like you were playing baseball with a strike zone, and the brick would start to cut the rubber,” Rossomando said. The ball would lose its air within about a week, according to Rossomando, leaving kids with nothing to do. So someone in the 1950s thought to cut the ball in half. Cutting the pimple ball became part of the ritual before the start of each game, though nowadays, the half-balls can be bought pre-cut. Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

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Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.

Finally, you need a building that’s at least three stories tall. A few rules In baseball, players score by running across the first, second, and third base to make it to home base after a player on their team hits the ball across the field. The idea of running the field to score still applies in half-ball, except there are no physical bases in the parking lots or streets where people play the game. The pitcher throws the half-ball to the person at bat who aims upwards, trying to hit one of the building’s three stories. Players keep track of the “base” a player lands on in their heads and that’s based on the story a player hits on the building. If a player hits a ball on the first-story wall, it’s a single; second story, it’s a double; and the third story, it’s a triple. If you “roof” it, meaning you land the ball on the roof, your team gets a home run. If the ball hits a story and comes back down within three seconds, the fielder has a chance to catch it for an out. Each inning has three outs. A strike, a miss, or a foul tip — all count as an out. If you’re playing at home, you can play as many innings as you want. “You played until your mother called you,” said Rossomando, though the game is limited to seven innings for tournaments. A half-ball comeback? The game is difficult. Players swing up, not out, so baseball skills don’t always transfer well. Coghlan, who used to coach baseball, said he actually discouraged those players from taking up half-ball because it would ruin their swing. “So far, I’ve been terrible,” said David Guzman after two games. Guzman grew up in Los Angeles and had never heard of half-ball until Rossomando invited him to play in the Marzano tournament. David Guzman grew up in Los Angeles. His friend Tom Rossomando gave him a crash course on half-ball, an iconic South Philly street game. Guzman, an avid baseball player, said half-ball is very different and his skills didn’t transfer. He said he would play the game again. (Ximena Conde/WHYY) “I’m a baseball player through and through, and this is completely different. Just like the broomstick, the slice of the ball — it’s throwing off my timing, it’s throwing off my balance.” Nonetheless, Guzman said he had fun and would play again. Judy Keegan, who used to direct the Italian Market Festival, manned the registration tables at the Marzano tournament on Saturday. She said it’s not uncommon to see a handful of people who have never played the game before showing up to learn the game and take part in the annual tournament after they’ve “heard about it in their office, saw a listing in one of the weeklies or weekend section” of the newspaper. Two years ago, Keegan said a group of students from Seattle played in the tournament after reading about half-ball online. She said she’s seeing a general revival of old-school games. “We think that the strength of the half-ball tournament is part of that interest in what used to be and what can be adapted for today,” she said.